The rules of bullfighting

Starts a fight with the fact that the "president" gives the signal to release the bull in the arena. Honor to fight with the first bull always belongs to the senior matador, whose name stands first on the bill. Matador carefully studying the bull, his behavior, but to get a better look to it, send their peons to be "Correr - to run with the bull. In one hand peons cloak. Dexterous maneuvers peons ascertain especially the bull, which way he usually does attack, he sees whether equally well with both eyes. If the bull low tilts his head, touching the ground horns and boldly attacked, it is considered "toro bravo" (in a good bull). After peons conducting their first maneuvers matador (also called "Espada"). These maneuvers are called "Veronica", they are not complicated, but need a lot of experience to meet them effectively. Performing "Veronica" matador fulfills "parar", "Mandar" and "templyar. "Parar", means to control attacks by the bull, forcing him again and again to turn and go to the Mulet (red cloak). "Mandar", that is to say, "keep the bull in the hands" to the matador did not his toy. "Templyar"-the ability to perform each movement Mulet and a sword with restraint, moderation, we are here talking about subtleties available only true connoisseurs. For four or five "Veronica" followed by "Media Veronica" (poluveronika "), and then often becomes a matador to the bull back to the uninitiated that seems suicidal.

Traces of shrews, voles and mice in the early winter

Shrews are not affected by hibernation. Often in the winter they climb into the houses and barns, and in March, again returned to the forests and groves, where they dig in the snow their long passages. Shrew does not eat plant foods, and attacking all living things that can overpower. In the summer she often eats insects. But what it can to maintain their lives in the winter when insects are disappearing? Overwintering insects shrew finds and under the snow. And besides, it is very good at cracking down on mice and voles. Both are bigger and stronger than her, but the shrew quicker and more agile. Shrew very gluttonous: for one day she eats a meal no less than its own weight. Not one animal, except for bats, so quickly does not digest food. But shrew soon begins to starve: it can not survive without food and a few hours. Left overnight in a cage without food shrew in the morning has died. Shrew appears with the onset of winter in cellars and barns, grain is not due to cereal grains: it is up to them and not touching. She goes there to hunt. Often when parsing stack of straw found in the middle of the skins of voles and mice. This work shrews. Traces of gray voles resemble traces shrews. But they are larger and deeper. Vole is heavier and sinks, where easy runs easy shrew. Even bigger tracks of forest and field mice. In contrast, voles and shrews mouse run across the races. They do sometimes jump up to 30 cm long. In a very soft snow traces of their feet are merged into a single hole, behind which is seen a narrow groove, the tail imprint.

Other winter birds

Last roamed in the middle lane only for the winter. Nest, they fly to more northern places. Wintering birds such call. Snowy owl, which we have already mentioned - wintering bird. We say that a few more. For example, bullfinch. They begin to arrive to us again in late autumn. In December, when snow falls, they become more and more such bright clothes are only males. The female is dressed modestly. Where the male red feathers in her brownish-gray, and a cap on her head is not as shiny. Bullfinch attention is drawn to his calm disposition, dense and strong addition and a thick, short beak. Quiet but melodious voice gives these birds, even when they are not visible. Interestingly, the singing of bullfinches not only males but females. In late February or early March, will start as soon as warm rays of the sun, flocks of bullfinches migrate northward to their homeland. Other wintering birds - Waxwing. It also flies in the autumn of more northern forests and keeps us up to mid-winter. Then disappears: flies farther south. Later, in late winter, waxwings can be seen again when they begin to return to the north. Sometimes they stay with us all winter, if they find enough food. Waxwing eats mainly berries. Mountain ash, rose hips, juniper, viburnum, euonymus and honeysuckle - this is her food. Eat it all day. Sometimes it eats up the fact that hardly can fly. Man she had little fear. In different trap, trap and network itself and climbs. Whoever has seen waxwings, he can not mix them with any other birds.

Travel fireplace

Fireplace consists of eight metal stakes 65 cm high with a diameter of 12-14 mm and two bars in length 105 cm, diameter 15 mm. To fireplace is not pushed aside while cooking at the ends of the bars put on stops of light metal section of 6-7 mm. Set weighs 4 kg 950 You can carry on details in the side pockets of a backpack. On the fireplace can be a bucket of water to boil "up key" for 10 min. 35 sec. For equipment bonfire must: 1) cut the sod from an area of ??1 m 20 cm in length and 25 cm wide, dig trench depth of 30 cm on the windward side to make ash-pit (see picture), and 2) to drive a stake eight four in a row, insert the bar, put on their end stops, lay the dry twigs and ignite. On it you can put the top three buckets of 12 liters capacity each or pots (for a small group). Does not stick to the food after the water has boiled and laid croup, under the bottom of the bucket you can put a bowl of cold water. Desirable to have a bucket of enamel, with high margins bottom. Fuel is laid on both sides. To do this, the side sections of the soil at the ends of the trench. In rainy weather over the fireplace you can build a shelter out of the tent, oilcloth, blankets. To trench is not flooded with water diversions should dig the groove, and the trench impose clay around the edges. Fireplace can be used in winter time - the stakes can easily go into the frozen ground, digging trench is not necessary - around the campfire at a distance of 1.5 m from the shaft can be pour snow: it will protect from the wind and contribute to fanning the flames.

Foldable trivet

Foldable trivet is made in the form of flat steel hoop 2x20 mm. The diameter of the hoop should be slightly smaller than the diameter of your pot or kettle. To the hoop outside symmetrically priklepyvayutsya Foldable trivet three abalone, which are inserted into three legs made of 2-mm sheet of iron, the width of the legs of 20 mm, 300 mm. For the stability of spider legs to bend the ends at a certain angle. This spider is almost not take place in a backpack by many years, it will truly serve in the campaign. To trivet at heating fell into the ice or snow under his feet to put a three raw lumps.

Observing signs of predators

How are the nails? Takes whether they are to the ground while walking and how this can be verified? Take two pieces of board up to 1 m. Put one of them a layer of damp sand, on the other crude (but not too wet) clay. Smooth them surface and make them walk the dog. Compare the footprints on the side and on the board. Where do they come out more clearly? Sketch the best tracks front and rear paws. Measure the length and width, as well as the quantity of dog steps. Compare the tracks in the snow with those turned on the sand and clay. What's the difference? As imprinted dog tracks in the snow of different densities - from the loose until the very tight? Sketch and compare them with each other. Measure the footprints of dogs of different breeds and write in your journal. The same observation, perform the above paw of the domestic cat. Notice how different it is from a dog in the structure of the soles, toes, claws. Note the difference of gait and other animals. If the district is a fox or a wolf, try to find their traces. This should be done better collectively skiing. If we manage to come across a suspicious mark, measure and sketch it in order to compare with traces of the dog. Pass, possibly on the found track and record all observations, which will make the (Form path loop, double-track), distance (approximate) from residential places and roads, encountered to detail (manure, dug his paws fossa, shape and size of logs or maturation time, the remains of eaten prey, etc.). Do whatever conclusions from those observations, which you can spend.

How to find the woodpecker in the winter

That strikes subsided, and because of the thick trunk of a pine head appeared large spotted woodpecker. Looked and hid again. If you go sideways, he again hides, quickly getting over on the opposite side from the observer. Go around one more time - the woodpecker will repeat the same maneuver. But if you go straight at him, at once disturbing and hear the loud rush - and rapidly flapping their wings, the woodpecker flies undulating flight for some distance. Immediately and the whole flock of titmice and other small birds breaks down from the tree and rushes for woodpeckers. Here again, a loud cry of arcs woodpecker - and once again roamed the whole gaggle of them. Are these Birdie elected him their leader? That woodpecker suddenly disappears behind the trees, but not for long. A moment later he returned, holding in its beak a bump. He deftly puts it in a deep hole in the trunk of the tree, and strengthened, made to work. One after another rained blows strong beak. Falling light winged seeds. Not all of them manage to catch a woodpecker: Part crumbles around. It was then, and keep up just in time to pack pichuzhek: they pick up all that lost woodpecker. They feed "off the table woodpecker" and, therefore, follow him. Woodpecker prefers peck bumps on certain areas. They call it the "forge" or "machines". "The Forge" - a pit, carved woodpecker in the trunk of spruce or pine, in which he inserts a lump before it was broken. Pile of chipped and broken scales of cones under the tree shows that it is there is "a forge".

Observation of small predators (early winter)

Try to find out where the animal hides. Describe the nature of his asylum. At the entrance to the burrow, as well as on site conventional manhole animal put kapkanchik or trap that can capture the beast alive. If we manage to catch the animal intact, plant it in a sturdy wire cages for observation of his habits. Try to get an exact sketch prints of his traces on the board with soft clay. A dead animal will learn exactly the structure of legs and try to determine the type of animal on the book by NA Bobrinsky ("The determinant of hunting and fishing beasts of the USSR, KOIZ, 1935). If it's not in your possession, remove the peel and send together with the skull to determine the nearest museum of local history, an alliance of hunters, the organization of nature conservation, the Zoological Museum of any university.

On the organization of observations for winter birds

So in this case should be guided by the following: 1. The first step is to conduct these observations in an organized, the whole circle, since the only way to achieve notable success, which will take time a lot of satisfaction. 2. Observation more convenient to keep young fellow groups of two or three people to help each other, go on excursions together and communicate to others what was able to see everyone. 3. For a start it is best to choose a small number of species and, moreover, those which are most often found around the house and which to observe, therefore, provide more cases. 4. To make the observations are not forgotten and were not in vain, you need to write them down. It would be very helpful if each observer was carrying a guided tour book (notebook) for notes or drawings during the excursions. In addition, it is necessary in the circle have a common log, which these observations should be made consistently, at least once a shestidnevku. Very convenient it would make a circle kind of card catalog. For this plant a number of cards (at least in the student's notebook page), preferably made of thick paper. The card is written the name of the bird and then here also enters all the observations that can be done at different times, indicating the date and month, place and situation. Gradually, this card will accumulate a very interesting observation. Occasionally it is desirable to arrange a meeting for listening to stories monitors and reviews (at least for a month).

Early spring observations

The appearance of thaw holes in the open mark, as the beginning of spring. At the nearest meteorological station take the data on the average daily temperature for March. Construct a timetable for their growth. If meteorological records were made in school circle, they can also be used for this purpose. Note the number where the curve of daily mean temperature rose above zero and became more or less firmly to hold above this level (the beginning of a positive snowmelt). Record the time of arrival the first of rooks. Check the temperature of the air in the afternoon and early morning hours that day, the state of snow cover and sled roads. Exactly where the rooks hold immediately after arrival? Make sure that what they are feeding and how to change their habits by the end of March and mid April. How to change the behavior of those birds that winter, met near the shelter, ie, sparrows, pigeons, jackdaws, crows, titmice, forty, etc.? Celebrate the return of the procedure you are familiar with migratory birds: larks, starlings, finches, gulls, wild ducks, etc.

Observations in human settlements (early winter)

Are the species can be seen in the town center and on the outskirts? Make observations: What to feed birds in winter? Where they mostly fly, where they find the place kormezhek and nights? Check (at least roughly) the number of pigeons, sparrows, crows and jackdaws found in your village. Have you observed one day in flocks of crows or the time of congestion? Where exactly and when Under what conditions? Can I assume that such clusters for the constant flock? Try to teach a flock of sparrows to feed near your home. Determine how much males and females in it. Observe the difference in the behavior of both the beginning and end of winter. Notice when change comes in their behavior. Do wire cages for birds near your school. log the observations that will be able to see interesting things. Get the footprints of your pet, measure and sketch the tracks in your journal.

Preparation of "bird houses»

Arrange a talk on the theme of the importance of agriculture to attract beneficial insect-eating birds. Many of those living in the hollows of insectivorous birds disappear from one or another area just because a person, clearing forests, destroys the hollow trees and all those places where the birds used to nest. Artificial hollow to some extent correct damage caused by birds, and bird "apartments" in the garden, kitchen garden, a grove, and parks, will find themselves tenants, which is more than payment for the provision of living space extermination of vast numbers of harmful insects and their larvae. However, surveillance for avian apartments will give a lot of very interesting material about the timing of the return of migratory birds, their behavior in the early spring, food, time, device sockets, the beginning of laying, when the chicks, etc. All the spring and much of the summer can be used for these interesting observations. A. Promptov offers for this purpose, a birdhouse with a glass back wall, strengthened by the window through which is under surveillance.

The study of bird voices

Many hunters, amateur ornithology, zoology at local history museums are able to distinguish between good spring songs and cries of birds. The school would organize several excursions to study the birds' voices under the guidance of an experienced leader. Teachers in rural schools and heads the circles of young naturalists especially helpful to learn the art subsequently to have opportunity to carry out such surveillance.

Birch sap

The observation is stated as follows. Soon after the thaw holes selected stands on the edge or in the open birch. Bark deeply pierce the thick needle and establish a daily monitoring of the puncture. Daily occurrence juice recorded. Likewise, coming from birch, standing in the shade, on the northern fringe, or deep in the woods. Compare the appearance of the juice in different conditions. Puncture should be done at the same height (1 m) of land on the south side. After the end of observations (the day after the juice) puncture thoroughly obscure garden putty or clay to avoid harmful for the tree loss juice.

Tours in the winter woods

The trip should take a notebook or notepad with a pencil, a ticker with millimeter graduations for measuring trace, and very well, if you can take and binoculars. At each tour notes, except the date and weather conditions, as the natural environment: the nature and composition of vegetation (pine forest, aspen, old wood or young, if mixed, from which trees and which of them prevails), proximity to water, relief ( For example, a ravine), a state of snow cover. On the tour should be celebrated in the ability of all known bird, which can observe their behavior during the meeting, as well as the number of instances encountered. Measure and sketch the following as desirable, but we must remember that this will require a lot of time. Therefore it is better to do it, you probably know what the bird belongs to the trail. For example, you caught in the snow jay and then, when she flew, produce the study it left behind traces. In addition to trace, collect litter, nibble on some bumps and other traces of the birds. Found in a grove of vole, pinned on the barberry thorn, said that around here hosts a large shrike. Analysis of the litter makes it possible to judge the bird feed. To study the traces of black grouse, hazel grouse, capercaillie is very useful preliminary acquaintance with traces of a rooster, chicken and pigeon, which is easy to learn at home.

Observations on the life of reservoirs

1. Prior to the tour should be prepared: water net, tin bidonchiki, small and large banks for seating production. If you live in a corner of the school have aquariums need to clean up, pour cement at the bottom corners, to put on the bottom of washed sand, planted with aquatic plants and only then settle their animals. 2. Better to conduct a tour group. Make a description of the reservoir - its approximate size, depth and composition of aquatic vegetation, which it inhabits. Make a list of aquatic animals will be able to catch. 3. After the tour seating for captured animals to different banks. Set in the lively corner of the observation of their life, movement, nutrition, breathing and methods of protection against enemies. 4. When planting eggs should make it a rule to put in the tank a small amount of eggs, and in any case, do not overfill it aquarium or jar. 5. With the release of tadpoles trace the features of their power and movement in a different time in their lives. 6. Observe and record the time of appearance in the nature of tadpoles of different species of fish, larvae and pupae of aquatic insects escape from their winged forms. 7. Find out whether there are reservoirs of mosquito larvae. Organise supervision over the conduct of mosquito larvae and over the timing of their development. If mosquito larvae are found, notify the local health unit.

The state of the reservoirs

Measure the temperature of water in large bodies of water immediately after their opening and compare it with the water temperature in shallow spring pools. Record the date the greatest height of tide. Notice to any location on the spill reached poemnyh meadows or even in the valley, to compare the magnitude of the spill later from year to year. Note the time of spawning pike. Mark the date of the spawning of other fish (as far as they can observe). Record observations on the behavior of the fish at this time. Record the time of occurrence of newts, grass and green frogs, the timing of their spawning, rumbling and croaking males, the appearance of eggs, and later the tadpoles. From that found eggs out of the pan a few dozen eggs and put them in an aquarium or large glass jar to monitor their development and release tadpoles. Note time of occurrence of lizards, snakes and other reptiles. I must say that accurate observations on the spring awakening of snakes almost none of us are not doing. Information about this random and sparse, so that accurate observations would be very valuable.

Observations on plants in the middle period of the spring

These data compare with the average and deadlines Moscow's table. Received the circle of observers make records in a special notebook, which should be maintained to monitor subsequent years could be compared. It is better to take a small group of well-known to all plant and maintain surveillance over them year after year. Watch the spring emergence of the first unfolded leaf and the flowering of the following types: 1) alder, 2), Hazel, 3), red willow, 4) wolf bark, 5), aspen, 6) willow-Bredin, 7) birch, 8), Norway maple , 9), gooseberries, 10) red currant. In addition, during this period mark the first deployment of the leaves of lime (small-leaved and large-) and oak (early and late). Of the flowering plants in the second period of spring flowering time watch the following plants: 1) mother-and-stepmother, 2) woodland blue, 3) selezenochnika, 4) lungwort, 5) hohlatki, 6) Marigold, 7), dandelion, 8) strawberry timber .

Mountains

Where does such a wonderful attraction, where did they mount? If you look closely at the mountain cliff, we can see that it is not solid rock. It consists of small pellets of various layers of a rock. And if you divide any of these layers, you can find prints of shells. Is not it strange, in the mountains - and suddenly the test. Those same test, which occur far from these places - on the beach, thousands of miles away from the mountains. Only where they are shelled creature. But here in the mountains, they long ago turned to stone. How could it happen that the shells of marine animals have been high in the mountains? Of course, it's hard to believe that someone could transport them here and throw. Rather, it will be right to think that once there was the sea or very close to creeping here. As time passed, many years, and maybe for centuries on the sea floor deposited shells of dead animals, and formed a kind of layers. Then, the seabed had risen as a result of the underlying geological processes. It rose so high that the marine waters of the step. And about them now can be judged only by fossils once living marine organisms. Rocks of marine origin are found scientists at various levels of the mountains. Hence, plots of land that were once the sea bed in the future rose to different heights is interesting as well lie down in the mountains of the layer of rock? The answer to this question clarifies many points as the origin of mountains and the history of the Earth millions of years ago.

Observing animals in the spring

What are the signs of molt of wild animals could you find and when? Simply click on the current forest river, creek or along the lake and see what tracks can be seen on the muddy shore near the water. Which animal can be attributed to these tracks? Try to find in the woods squirrel nest and observe the behavior of the protein around it. It is recommended to watch with binoculars. Note the time of appearance of young rabbits, squirrels and other animals.

Agriculture in the spring

Begin work on the detention of meltwater or, conversely, the slope for a long time stagnating water from individual plots of winter crops. Continued harvesting of local fertilizers, import of finished fertilizers. They prepare granular fertilizer. Continue to prepare seed for sowing, produce dry seed treatment of maize and other seed in a greenhouse radishes, fennel, spinach, onions are planted in the pen. Begin planting early cabbage and cauliflower. Begin vernalization early potatoes. In orchards with the onset of warm weather is pruning (pruning wounds after thoroughly obscure garden putty). Remove and destroy the winter nests boyaryshnitsy Browntail Moth and, if not already done before. When pruning inspect the ends of young branches, searching for oviposition ringed moth. April - a crucial month of the spring sowing. Without waiting for the general podsypaniya soil moisture at start pribivku zyabi and black couples in those areas where the soil is not greasy. On the prepared soil immediately start sowing early spring. The frozen soil is the first top dressing of winter. For two or three days before starting treatment zyabi vernalization of seeds, but for a day or two before sowing produce seed treatment with formalin (wet and moist). Yaroviziruyut potatoes (30-40 days before planting). In greenhouses harvest of lettuce, spinach, radishes and other early vegetables. Freed greenhouses (after killing the old and adding fresh manure) is occupied by seedlings. The gardens in late April sowing carrots, parsley, turnips, beans, peas, onions (on sevok), put sevok onions (for turnip).

Where and why earthquakes happen?

Then the scientific world has not taken a bold hypothesis in the rightness of our time, Wagner's assumptions no longer in doubt. With the help of modern instruments, scientists have proved that the earth's crust consists of about 20 plates of different sizes. The thickness of these tectonic plates Earth's crust ranges from 60 to 100 kilometers. Earthquakes often occur in places where these plates in contact with one another. Scientists have divided the space on the belt. The first belt surrounds the Pacific Ocean and runs along the edge of a huge basalt slab that covers the entire bottom of the ocean. The second zone begins in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and passing through the Mediterranean basin, Himalayan mountain range, Asia, and reaches the Pacific Ocean. This zone consists of several tectonic plates and is called Sredizemnotransaziatsky. Third, the Atlantic zone, captures Atlantic ridge, Iceland and comes to Antarctica. This zone consists of several tectonic plates. Earthquakes occur most frequently in close proximity to high mountains or deep ocean basins. Most of all taking place on our planet earthquake - Tectonic. They are associated with the processes of transformation of the planet. There are still so-called "volcanic" earthquakes. They arise from the fact that the lava and hot gases swirling in the depths of volcanoes, can put pressure on the upper layers of the Earth, as a pair of boiling water on the lid. But such earthquakes less destructive than tectonic well as vibration and shocks while they are not as powerful and sharp as when tectonic shifts in the earth's crust.

METEOR IRON. VIDMANSHTETOVY FIGURES

Sometimes the whole meteorite has the same composition and can be regarded as a piece of crystal. In most cases, meteoric iron consists of a thin, lying on each other plates, the latter are grouped according to the laws of crystallography and differ in nickel, phosphorus and sulfur. The consequence of these minor differences in the composition is the fact that some iron plates with varying speed and strength dilute acid. If sawing a piece of meteoric iron and nitric acid to act on the polished surface of it, then suddenly at the last act the characteristic lamellar structure. This is explained by the fact that some plates corroded more acid, others weaker; obtained vidmanshtetovy peculiar shape, named after the discoverer of the scientist. Good, Mene and Lorenz Smith was artificially reproduce this phenomenon by fusing iron with nickel, iron sulfide, iron or phosphorous to silicon: but in the nature of any of the terrestrial bodies vidmanshtetovy figures were not observed, and therefore we can assume that all masses of iron the found in the earth's surface and giving these figures are those of meteorites. Thus it was proved the cosmic origins of many masses of iron, although the actual decline in their observed very rarely (Grashina in Zagreb, in 1751 Tennessee, 1835 Braunau in Bohemia, 1845). Meteoric iron is of interest not only for geologists, but also for historians of culture. In everyday life, iron is the most desired metal: it does not occur on land in native form, getting the same from its ore requires a relatively high degree of culture, so all peoples long before there is bronze and is used to manufacture all sorts of guns and jewelry.

Watching the fish

Mission observations: 1. Set the time of spawning fish of your river or pond, and to note the behavior of fish during this period. 2. Trace the beginning of the "bite" and find out how to catch different species of fish from local fishermen and experienced anglers. 3. Produce in vitro fertilization of eggs and to observe its development. Do so. During the spawning catch ikryanyh females, which can be found on particularly thick sides, and several males. Wrapped in a towel female, stroke her body, covering two fingers and gently squeeze out the eggs in a pre-prepared clean, dry and smooth plate or smooth porcelain bowl. Having obtained thus spawn the same with doing a male-moloshnikom. Squeeze out the contents of Pego milk-white-turbid liquid semen and pour it spawn. When this operation is over, several times shaking the cup of milk to mix well with caviar. When this happens, you can release the eggs in a premixed tank with lots of aquatic plants. The aquarium should not be predatory insects and other animals that eat caviar. Number of eggs in the aquarium should be slight as not to create closeness and lack of oxygen. In the aquarium for a bucket of water should be no more than 20-30 eggs. Water in the aquarium daily otcherpyvaetsya from the surface for a few glasses and replaced with fresh but not cold water (not cold that prevailed in the aquarium). Best use of a water supply system in order to maintain the constant change in the aquarium water. However, you can get it directly from the river or pond already fertilized eggs after spawning one or the other fish.

Anaximander

Traces of the amazing spirit of curiosity, who made the Greek teachers in other fields, we find here, but the lack of systematic observations denies the value of their geological guesswork. Remarkably, among the Greek thinkers, we find two predecessors, Darwin. Anaximander, who was born in 610 BC, taught that man comes from other kinds of animals: among all living beings he alone is difficult livelihood, and therefore inevitably had to be killed if he had from the outset was similar to what is now. Anaximander suggests that man evolved from fish or other aquatic animals like them. Unfortunately, we do not have more precise information about the teachings of the philosopher: his works are lost, and the one listed above, extracted from a random quote from one compiler later period.

Neapolitans Alexander

He claimed that the fossil shells, found in the Calabrian mountains, listed here by the flood. Orosi still in the V century, expressed a similar view. In an era dominated the theology of all the sciences, and religious issues were the main subjects of the study. Naturally, this view is taken to hunting and found a large number of adherents. Anyway, he already had an advantage over the views given earlier, which examined the fossils, the remains of once living organisms - plants and animals.

As of magma are produced minerals and rocks?

Igneous rocks are often quite like one another. They are very different color: almost white, yellowish-pink, green, red, brown and black. Some rock solid, like glass, others consist of the visible with the naked eye mineral grains. Understand this question will help us part of the magma. It mainly consists of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. For example, if the magma was rich in iron, the color, it is usually dark green or black. If the magma little iron, then its crystallization formed rocks of gray, pink and other bright colors. Deep magmatic rocks are formed at a distance of more than three kilometers from the Earth's surface. They consist of large grains. The size of these grains reaches five centimeters in diameter. Magma, which resulted in the Earth's surface is called - the lava. Quickly ostyvshaya surface lava turns into rock, similar to the cooled dark glass. His so-called - a volcanic glass. Huge masses of lava form a sometimes powerful covers. For example, these basalts. On the island of Iceland basalt layers reaches three thousand feet high and several kilometers long. All foundation Pacific - a huge monolithic basalt bowl. Often, individual arrays of basalts are distinguished kind of structure. Basalt array can be divided into columns with a hexagonal or pentagonal cross-section. So, on the island of Staffa in the west coast of Scotland in Fingal's Cave are thick basalt. An ancient legend says that this cave was carved out a mighty giant to his master - Fingal.

Trees in spring

Some tree species bloom simultaneously with the onset of swelling of the kidneys, much earlier deployment of the leaves. These species include gray alder, which bloom first, and hazel (filberts), begin to bloom is usually the day after alder (near Moscow, on average early in the second half of April). Catkins of hazel and alder are formed even earlier in the summer in early spring they rapidly elongate, and as soon established warm weather, scales them apart, and starts to fall out of the anther • pollen. pollen transfer occurs by wind. zatsvetshuyu Shake a branch of alder or hickory, and you'll see how it will separate from the yellow cloud pollen. In the cold, as well as in inclement weather, the anthers were not disclosed. after 5 days after flowering hazel begins to bloom red willow. appears to this time, bees, wasps and bees eagerly visit willow because of the nectar. Verba - the first of the early spring honey plants. Almost simultaneously with the willow blooms small shrub forest - wolf's bark. Branches of it, still do not have leaves at this time are covered with lilac-pink fragrant flowers, similar in shape to the flowers of lilac. leaves it disbanded at the time when he is already beginning to fade . In late April, begin to bloom aspen and willow-Bredin. At the same time deploying the first leaves of black currants, gooseberries and red elderberry, and then at the cherry. With what curiosity following observer for the joy of spring flowering Every day brings something new .

Artist Leonardo da Vinci

Do not hesitate to conventional wisdom, they could easily protect yourself from mistakes and look at things properly. It is known that one of the first to express correct understanding of the formation of fossils, the greatest artist Leonardo da Vinci: a young man, directing dug canal, he discovered a rich accumulation of fossil shells, and concluded that sea level was higher before than now, and that he found the shell lived in the water. By the presence of well rounded pebbles, he concluded that there was pouring into the sea the river, which brought these stones.

Spring begins

The sun heats the snow more and more mass and make it loose and granular. Roads are deposited, dark, covered with bumps, potholes and puddles. On the southern slopes of the hills, the snow is melting quickly, and there before all beginning to blacken the first spring thaw holes. Almost at the same time there and the first migratory birds - the rooks. Return of the rooks, of course, is not necessary every year for the same number. But the average time of their arrival for the Moscow region - around March 18-19. The average start date of the positive snowmelt - March 16, the appearance of thaw holes-around March 18. It would be right to consider for the beginning of spring, when winter landscape gives way to early spring. And this is for the middle of the forest belt and will match the appearance of thawed patches in open areas. Almost immediately after it begins arriving birds and the awakening of some overwintering insects. We divide the spring into three periods: 1. Early Spring, from occurrence of thaw holes until the snow on the fields. 2. The average period of spring - from the snow up to the full flowering of cherry, the average onset of flowering period coincides with the average date of last frost and should be directly over the deployment of oak leaves and lime. In the Moscow region it falls approximately mid-May. 3. The third and last period (late spring) - from flowering cherry to the flowering apple trees. This term almost coincides with flowering red clover in the meadows.

Flowering trees and shrubs

Landscape average period of spring gives way to late spring when the forest does not remain bare of trees. Bird cherry - common and widespread throughout our timbers. Therefore, its flowering as a pointer to the beginning of the last period of the spring, it is very convenient to use in all forest areas of our country. Almost simultaneously with her blossom gooseberries, red and black currants, red elderberry, cherry, black cherry and blackthorn, but from the forest trees at this time of blossoms are already blooming maple and common spruce. Days after 5 or 6 starts flowering oak in the gardens - the yellow acacia and apple. Celandine herb blooms in moist places - blue forget-me, and followed them into the forest shadows - lilies of the valley. Watch now for the purple lilac bushes. It blooms in two to three days after the acacia tree. At this time, red currant and cherry petals begin to crumble, the flowers blooming horse chestnut and Tatarian honeysuckle, which is near Moscow, in some places put in gardens. Now if you look in the nearest deciduous forest or grove, take a look at the bushes every famous "wolf berries" or common honeysuckle. It blooms almost simultaneously with lilac yellowish-white flowers. If the wood is elm, pay attention to the development of the fruit of this tree. By this time they had time to grow to its normal size, although the seeds are not ripe yet. In these days with the aspens flying white fuzz. In the aspen groves of the branches on many trees are covered like wool.

How to find out what was on earth before man?

Human history, we know from written sources, historical records, which survived until our days. But writing in the WHO Nickle 3.4 millennia to P. X. (Egypt, Mesopotamia). And Earth, as is known, has in its age of about 5 billion years! Even if all you can learn from the same written evidence? Sometimes more than books tell discovered during excavations of the ancient things, objects used by the first man. For the historian, archaeologist it is often crucial. For geology - a science that studies the history of the planet - bowels of the earth play a role of written documents. " Indeed, in terrestrial strata remains of life that can "tell" what this life was not thousands, but millions of years ago. In the bowels of the earth can be found traces of rain and sea waves, winds and ice. On deposits of rock, scientists restore the contours of the sea, rivers, swamps, lakes, deserts, distant past. How could survive to this day the remains of organisms past? Even such distant from us - for millions of years? When a body falls into a river, lake or foreshore of the sea, he quickly covered with silt, sand or clay. Soaking salts, the remains of organisms "kameneyut. And in this way they are today, scientists say. They may be the skeleton and the other surviving parts of the animal to recover not only the look, but also his lifestyle. Modern methods and techniques allow one of only a part of the skeleton (skull, jaw, leg bones) to restore the vertebral structure of his body closest relatives among both fossil and among modern animals.

Gases and vapors and allocations

This has the absorption capacity and lava: it is filled with mostly water vapor. If the lava cools quickly, with copious vapors, then a blocky lava, if the cooling takes place slowly and is accompanied by a small amount of steam, it turns out wavy lava. The amount of emitted pair can depend on themselves the properties of the lava, and on the conditions under which it is poured and flows. On the island of Hawaii in the undulating lava flow, or "pahoehoe", as it is called in the vernacular, were observable limited areas of blocky lava, or "aa", explains this phenomenon is given a random enrichment of lava with water vapor in the places where the soil was cheese. First, gases and water vapor are allocated throughout the lava flow, but it later formed the so-called fumaroles, and steam separation occurs only from the cracks and holes in the crust, covering the flow. In the latter case, together with the escaping vapors are released and lumps of liquid lava, and they rise into the air and fall back to the fumaroles, which are often erected tall cones. A similar phenomenon can be reproduced artificially by pouring molten lead oxide in cold and damp place. In addition to water vapor, lava allocates a lot of other gases, as, for example., A pair of hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, ferric chloride, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, etc. In the much larger quantity of these same gases are extracted from the crater. Particularly curious are mineral formations, which are obtained by cooling the vapor, or individual components thereof, are so-called "products of sublimation.

What is the natural areas?

But our planet is spherical. Therefore, sunlight falling on its surface at different angles and different heats. At the equator, the sun's rays are directed to the ground almost at a right angle. And twice a year the sun at midday stops at the zenith, directly overhead. Quite differently heated pole. Where the sun hangs over the horizon, and then several months in a row does not show at all. And this means the amount of heat which is received by a small pole. Equator same temperate latitudes receive much more heat. Therefore, in both hemispheres of the Earth there are several thermal zones: equatorial, two tropical and two temperate and two cold. And because the uneven distribution of heat seen on the surrounding nature, then stand still and geographic zones. Their boundaries coincide with the boundaries of thermal belts. The width of each geographical zone in some places reaches more than 4 thousand kilometers. Therefore, in each of these natural conditions are also different. The closer to the equator, any portion of the geographic zone, the more heat it gets and the more unlike the previous one. These differences are noticeable on flora and fauna, climate, soils. Therefore, within the geographical zones are allocated more or less homogeneous in terms of area. They are called natural. They stretch bands along the parallels of the globe, as it were, starting at one end and ending at the other.

What determines the climate?

In the tropics the sun's rays fall almost vertically on the surface of the Earth. At any time of year, this angle is very little change. This is the area of ??the warmest climate on Earth. The coldest places are located within the Arctic Circle Northern and Southern hemispheres. Some winter months, the angle of sunlight is equal to zero. At this time, here comes the polar night that lasts six months.

Ice (Polar) natural area

Nature ice zone is very severe. Even in summer it never melts snow and ice. And while the summer sun shines, without going over the horizon around the clock for several months, yet warm enough to heat the permafrost soil. Yes, and it rises above the horizon is low. And, besides, the sun is often closed by thick clouds or fog. White as snow and ice surface reflects its rays. Polar night, on the whole space dominated by severe frosts. And if the summer sun for several months is above the horizon, the winter on the contrary, it is missing a few months in the sky. Arkticheekaya winter - it's a long night. At such times only the northern lights flashing extraordinary, fantastic colors. But life in this harsh time of year never stops. Wanders through the snow white bear. In the winter he does not fall into hibernation, and engaged in search of food. At the same land is only returned for the birth of pups. And swims from one ice floe to another, the seal hunt. Polar bear an excellent swimmer and diver. Fat and thick fur to protect it from cold. A white fur camouflages it in the snow and makes it invisible. In addition to polar bears in the Arctic live fanged walruses. They are selected on the ice, going into a kind of pack-colonies, and closely pressed, to each other to sleep. After a rest they go back into the water to hunt for crustaceans and molluscs. Flora poorer animal. After all, spread out throughout the snow-covered ice fields. But even where there is no ice, plants die due to strong winds.

Glaciers

According to the location of the ice fall on the mountain and covering. The shape of mountain glaciers depends on the surrounding terrain and the slope of the surface. Glaciers slide down the slope under the force of gravity. Ice sheets can be placed on a flat, level terrain. In form they resemble a round loaf. Formation of glaciers in areas where accumulated over a long winter snow does not have time during the summer melt. Level below which melted all the snow accumulated in winter, called the snow line. This line can be seen in the mountains at the end of the summer: it separates the upper part of the dazzling white snow-free slopes from the dark bottom. Most of the glaciers is above the snow line, but "language" of some of them down and below. Sometimes they end among the hills, covered with green forests, as can be seen in New Zealand. The snow line in different places of the globe lie at different heights, depending on the climate. Above all it is in the tropics - very hot and dry on Earth. To the equator line number is omitted, because there are a lot of rain falls. As we approach the poles of the snow line is getting lower. And in Antarctica descends to sea level. But not only the climate controls the glaciers. Large and the impact of ice on the climate itself. Especially great influence Antarctica, where winter temperatures drop to minus some 80 °, and huge masses of ice have a constant temperature of minus 30 to minus 50 degrees. This is a giant refrigerator on our planet.

Pacific Ocean

Most is the huge Pacific Ocean. We have already mentioned that in his area, he surpasses all the land. By its very nature it has much in common with the Indian Ocean. And the boundary between them in their southern latitudes is purely a formality. The one who first meets the ocean can not help but marvel at the sight of the vastness of the water, which before it opens. Just imagine, the Pacific Ocean stretches from East to West by 19,000 kilometers. And from north to south it is located in the space of 16 thousand kilometers! It runs parallel to almost all natural zones of the earth. The originality of the Pacific is composed of the structure and topography of its bottom, climate and water, as well as the life that has evolved and exists in it. As many mentioned above, the ocean floor uneven. It represents the land surface, with its rugged terrain. As well as on land there are some plains, valleys and mountains. They constitute different levels, like different floors of a multistory building. And for every such story has its conditions for living organisms. For example, organisms that live on the top floor, near the ocean surface, can not fall to the ground floor. There will be live very different organisms, and grow other plants. Life of the Pacific are very diverse. It accounts for more than 50 percent of all living things from the number of the oceans. From plants distributed mainly single-celled organisms, which are the Pacific Ocean has more than 1300 different species. And about half of these species relates to the microscopic zhgutikonosnym armored algae.

Arctic Ocean

However, the peculiarity of the water regime and a clear separation of the water column in the water masses, a large area and volume - these features are characteristic of the ocean. For comparison, the largest sea - Philippines - has an area almost three times smaller than the Arctic Ocean. None the sea is not as oceanic ridges. But their existence in the Arctic Ocean can compare him with other oceans. In the Arctic Ocean, located ten seas. The largest are the Barents, Norwegian and Grenladskoe. And the greatest depths have Norwegian (4,487 meters), Greenland (4846 meters, Baffin (2136 meters), Laptev Sea (2980 meters) and Beaufort (4683 meter) seas. In the Arctic Ocean is sent warm Atlantic Gulf Stream. It runs along the coast British Isles, goes around the Scandinavian peninsula and ends in the vicinity of Novaya Zemlya. And from the ocean goes cold Noe for sending along Greenland. The climate of the Arctic Ocean is determined by its location. It's the North Pole cold. In the central part of the Arctic ice cover persists year-round , although it is in a mobile state. The existence of huge masses of ice further increases the severity of the climate. It depends primarily on the lack of heat, which is the polar regions of our planet receives from the Sun in very small doses. Winter in Ocean harsh and long. It reaches six - six and a half months. Cold dry winds penetrate at this time into the next, the continents to the ocean, which causes a decrease in temperature not only in moderation, but sometimes and in the subtropical climatic zone.

Yangtze and Yellow

Yangtze River empties into the East China Sea to the Pacific. The length of its 5,520 kilometers. Basin area of ??1,800,000 square kilometers. On the banks of the Yangtze are very important economically towns and ports: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing. Yangtze coast beginning in the central part of the Tibetan Plateau, merging from multiple sources, which originate from the glaciers. Coming out of the mountains, the Yangtze is a vast basin, which is called the Red Basin. Then she meets a much more low mountains of southeastern China. Yangtze River cuts through the numerous mountain ranges and massifs, and forms rapids, which are very difficult navigation. By entering the Great Chinese plain river splits into many branches, which sometimes form a lake expansion. These lakes are connected to the main channel of streams and channels and regulate the river flow. But at the same time they themselves depend on the level of the mainstream of the Yangtze, and the size and shape of their continuously changing. During the flood, some of the lake is huge and inundate most flat sections. At the confluence of the East China Sea forms the Yangtze delta, which is growing at about one kilometer over forty years. Yangtze mode characterized by high consumption of water throughout the year, which, apart from the monsoon summer rains, is supported by the melting of snow and ice in the origins and regulated in the lower reaches of the already mentioned numerous lakes. Significant impact on the water level downstream of the river have hot flashes.

General information about the river

To the pool, a river is being studied river - is defined on the map. Which part of the river studied (upper, lower, all the river). The origins of a river. Indicate where originates: from the confluence of two rivers, key, lakes, springs, marshes, swamps. These data are drawn from a topographic map as possible large-scale and refined during the campaign. The general direction of flow of the river - a line drawn from the source to the mouth of a river. Also, indicate the direction being taken by the river on the individual, more or less large parts of its course. Estuary. Specify where the river flows (in the lake, sea, another river, lost in the sands, and so on. It specifies how the river flows - as a single stream or several branches, ie, forming a delta. If the delta is studied directly in areas, describe the indications of change in the delta (in the form of the following streams and eroded gullies), to gather information about the clutter of separate arms of the delta logs, etc. Delta is necessary to put a plan of ocular estimation. The total length of river is measured on the map odometer or any other way to measure the broken lines used in the topography. The main tributaries of the lists from the source to the mouth, separate left and right. All found tributaries - rivers, streams, switches and outlets of groundwater - are put at stake, but the most interesting and large screened in the same way as the main river. For information about the regime of the river are collected by interviewing local people.

Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is located mainly south of the Tropic of Cancer. To the north it is bounded by the Asian continent. Therefore, in the northern hemisphere ocean is entirely in the tropics. This creates a great extent the distinctive features that set the Indian Ocean from a number of others. Like the other oceans, the Indian has in its composition of the sea. Five of them. Arabian Sea covers an area of ??3,683,000 square kilometers. The greatest depth - 5 kilometers 875 meters. It is situated so that its eastern side is washed by the Indian subcontinent and west - the peninsula of Saudi Arabia. E Arabian Sea is a kind of conversion of cold Somali current, which runs along the coast of Somalia, the African peninsula, in the warm monsoon. It passes from the Indian subcontinent, Ceylon, and poured in warm southern trade-wind flow. And the latter, in turn, sent through the Indian Ocean to the north shore of the island of Madagascar and the coast of East Africa, as it hits it and turns north, passing in the cold for a Somali. Full circle, and repeats again. So is the surface water circulation Indian Ocean. And what is life at the depths of these waters? Flora and fauna of the Indian Ocean similar to the Pacific. This is because they are neighbors and have a close relationship between the straits in the eastern Indian Ocean near the Indonesian archipelago. The tropical region is allocated exceptional abundance of organisms that inhabit the water column and can not resist the currents.

Mississippi

Mississippi River Basin belongs to the western slope of the Appalachians, as well as most of the Central and Great Plains of North America. Nutrition River is mainly due to favorable snow-rain regime. Generally due to different climatic conditions, the eastern and western parts of the basin differ on water features. Right tributaries descend and flow of the Rocky Mountains through the arid lands. That is why even after the merger with Missouri Mississippi remains relatively shallow. Great river, it becomes only after merging with the river Ohio. Below the confluence of the Ohio, Mississippi, increases the flow of water in 1,5 times. That is why the regime of the river downstream to a large extent determined by the mode of the Ohio River. If the period of snowmelt in Appalachia coincides with the maximum rainfall, the level of the river in Ohio up to 15-20 meters in the Lower Mississippi River - at 5-6 meters. And this leads to the flooding of much of the floodplain. Spill Mississippi contribute to the peculiarities of its valley. At the confluence of the Mississippi Gulf of Mexico constitutes one of the largest in the world wide fast-growing delta and deposition of clastic material - gravel, gravel, sand, and others. In the flood of the river often overflows its banks. It blurs the coastal trees and flooding the upper floodplain, sometimes on an area up to a thousand square kilometers. Mississippi - a convenient way for water from the Atlantic Ocean through the Gulf of Mexico to the central regions of the continent.

Danube

Danube - sacred river of the Slavs. It is often mentioned in songs, fairy tales, legends and traditions of all Slavic peoples. In addition, the history of the Celts, the Thracians, Illyrians and Greeks associated with the history of the Danube. In ancient times the Greeks called the Danube as well as the Thracians, who lived off the coast of the river - Istres. It was only later, in Roman times across the river to fix its current name, which is pronounced and written as Danubio. In the 7 th century BC, Greeks founded south of the Delta colony and named it Istria. The ancients sought source of the river beginning at Riphaeus mountains. Then, in the far north, and later the Celts in the country in the Hercynian forest. But already in 1915 BC in the reign of Guibert were installed the true origins of the Danube: it begins on the array is now called the Black Forest two sources at an altitude of 1 kilometer. Since the reign of Augustus the Danube became the border of the Roman state with. Northern barbarians. The length of the Danube River is 2850 kilometers, with a catchment area - 817 thousand square kilometers. From the origins of the Danube flows along the edge of the Bavarian highlands, and then between the Bohemian massif and the northern slopes of the Eastern Alps. In its current almost to Vienna, the Danube flows through undulating hills and plateaus, with elevations over 200 meters. The plot of the river to Vienna is considered the upper course of the Danube. This is where the river receives a large number of tributaries.

Ron

But then it flows entirely in the opposite direction and empties into Lake Geneva. After emerging from the lake the river flows through the Jura mountains, and then enters a phase of the Alpine foothills. The city of Lyon, Rhone river turns sharply to the south. And here it receives its largest influx of Sona, and then the many tributaries that flow from the Alps - Isere, Durance - and the Massif Central. At the confluence of the Rhone into the Mediterranean Sea forms a delta. Regime of the Rhone is composed mainly influenced by its Alpine tributaries. In the upper reaches of a typical alpine river, like the Rhine. Alpine summer floods has increased because of the alpine tributaries and the impacts to the mouth. A great influence on the regime of the main river has Sona that deepest throughout the year, but especially in winter when heavy rains. In the upper reaches of the Rhone canal connected with the Rhine.

Rain

Rain begins in the Alps at an altitude of 2000 meters. It merges the two mountain streams. On the mountain area of ??flow Rhine valley is narrow, speed, steep slopes. Within the Swiss-Bavarian plateau Rhine valley expands and includes a basin of Lake Constance. Below the lake the river enters into Jura Mountains, and on leaving them in the city of Basel is rotated at a right angle and rushes to the north, in the Upper Rhine valley. Segment of the Rhine above this rotation is called Alpine Rhine. On the Upper Rhine valley the river flows in a broad valley, the channel places its spryamleno. In the middle reaches of the Rhine cuts through the Rhine Slate array to a depth of 200 meters, forming konono-shaped valley. The lower section of the river passes over a flat plain, partly located below sea level. Before flowing into the sea Rain falls on the sleeve and forms a delta, within which flows in their sediments above the surrounding terrain. To prevent spills the sleeves of his fenced dams. Rain takes major tributaries: the upper reaches - Aare, on average - Neckar, Main, Lahn, Sieg, Ruhr, Mosel. In one of the branches of the Rhine River flows into the delta of the Meuse. Mode Reina complex. In the upper reaches - a typical alpine river with the uneven flow, fast current and lots of rapids. Alpine summer flood passed down the stream and in a relaxed feel to the mouth. The role of the regulator flow Reyna played Lake Constance, through which the river flows upstream. Tributaries of the middle reaches of the Rhine are spring and winter maximum and a minimum in late summer.

What happens in the bowels of the earth?

The process of internal transformation of the Earth has not stopped. They will go on for long: thousands, perhaps millions of years. The earth is continuously rotating around its axis. This rotation creates a gravitational force that pulls everything that is on Earth's surface to its center. These same forces cause less robes cinders put pressure on the heated to millions of degrees the Earth's core. At the core of our planet, as in a huge sealed pot, boil all that what is in the mantle and crust. Raging in the heart of the world's "fiery dragon" constantly breaks through the viscous layer of the mantle to the Earth's surface. When he manages to reach the Earth's crust - the disaster may occur, namely: an earthquake or volcanic eruption.

Water vapor in the air

When water gets into a zone of cold air, it collects in small droplets and these droplets form fog or clouds. How does fog form? On clear nights, when the earth's surface is cooled, is cooled and the bottom, adjacent to the ground layer of air. Water vapor, which is in this layer is condensed. This means that the tiny water droplets coalesce into larger ones that are visible to the naked eye. Since there are low Surface fog. They are formed most often in places where cold air collects at night: over marshes, small ponds and riverbeds. In contrast, fog, clouds are formed when water vapor occurs at high altitude with cold air flow. The clouds bring with them a lot of water. How much weight one cloud? Approximately 20 000 tonnes. The cloud does not fall, because the water droplets and ice crystals that make up his very small, and the rising air currents keep the clouds in a suspended state.

How to study and learn about earthquakes?

Winthrop witnessed an interesting spectacle. Slab pavement on which he walked, for a moment, sat up and dropped back, but not all at once and in sequence. It was like a wave. From this observation, the scientist concluded that an earthquake occurs in waves. With this guess, and started seismology - the study of earthquakes. After some time, a British priest John Michel published his observations and conclusions about the nature of the earthquake. Michel figured out about the speed of propagation of tremors. Its rate is about 1800 kilometers per hour. Scientists have found that seismic waves are not parallel to one another and diverge rings, such as from a thrown pebble in still water. So there was the concept - the earthquake. It is located on the Earth's surface just above the hearth, or hypocenter - the point at a depth below the earth's crust where the earthquake occurs. In the 19 century earthquake research occupies a prominent Irish engineer Robert Mallet. Using a large powder charges, he created the underground explosions - an earthquake. A scientist has calculated that in a different environment, seismic waves travel at different speeds. In sandy soil the slowest - 900 kilometers per hour, the fastest in the granite strata - 1800 miles per hour. In the same century invented the first device that records an earthquake. It was called seismograph. This device consisted of a pendulum, steel weights, which is on a spring or a thin wire suspended from a rack, fastened in the ground.

Groaning stones

The walls of these cracks were covered with thin leaves of mica. At night the air is cooled and, in rock cracks, he kept his heat. Warm air rising up. He blew mica leaves and they began to sound. This sound was like a human groan. About four thousand years ago, the Egyptian pharaoh Amenkotep III ordered to carve out two blocks in honor of his father Ammon, two huge statues. Nearly two thousand years, they stood motionless and silent. But once there was an earthquake. One of the articles split into two parts and since then the "conspiracy". They said that every morning as soon as the sun's rays began to warm up the statue, she began to publish a lingering and plaintive cries. People thought she was complaining to God and the sun on his unhappy fate. A Roman Arry carved on the pedestal of this statue are the words "" Great gods, what a remarkable miracle I saw with my own eyes, this is a god, is one of the gods, who moved into the statue, lets you hear your voice and draws her crowd. Truly, mortal man never fails to produce such a miracle. "But there were other opinions on this kind of strange phenomena. The famous ancient geographer Strabo, who visited Egypt, made the following entry:" They say that the statue every day is a special sound is heard, which is similar the sound produced by a weak blow: he comes from that half of the statue, which remains on a pedestal. ... I did hear about the first hour of a noise. ... Maybe they have made so much noise, even on purpose? "Nothing that I say no I can: not knowing the real reason to imagine anything better than to suggest that the rocks may sound. "Previously, such" miracles "can create only the case or nature.

Marco Polo and the second opening of the East

The Brothers Polo told Khan about his faraway homeland and of the Christian faith. Stories produced by Kublai Khan impression that he had asked them to return to Europe to say hello to the Pope. He also wished the pope had sent him to Christian scholars and consecrated oil. Only two years later (1271) Polo brothers received a letter in reply dad and gifts for Kublai Khan. At this time, Nicholas took a seventeen-year-son Marco. This was the beginning of travel, which was destined to become one of the most impressive geographical discoveries of all time. The way to China was a long, it took about four years. Kublai Khan took the old Polo family is welcome. Marco managed to very quickly gain the confidence of a powerful ruler. He was so pleased Kublai that he be allowed to go about their business in all corners of the empire - from Mongolia to India and Sumatra. Polo family had lived in exile for 17 years. Khan did not let go of their long time home. They helped the case. Brothers Marco Polo and volunteered to accompany the Mongolian and Chinese princesses lend wife Mongol rulers of Persia (now Iran), who lived in Tabriz. Bringing Princess to Persia, the family polo in 1295 returned to Venice. All Venice was amazed to discover how much wealth - gems - were brought from the East, three travelers. Soon after war broke out between Genoa Venetsiey.i for supremacy in trade in the Mediterranean. Marco Polo outfitted at his own expense, and the ship he took part in the battle. Together with his team, he was captured and imprisoned in a Genoese prison.

Atmosphere

Atmosphere to retain heat, resulting in our planet from the sun. It is like a blanket envelops the Earth's surface and protects humans, animals and plants from harmful ultraviolet cosmic rays. Without the air of the Earth would be lifeless as the moon. Scientists have found that the upper atmosphere is at an altitude of about 2000 kilometers. We live in a very dense layer, which is called - the troposphere. In the troposphere is about 80 percent of the atmosphere and almost all the water vapor. The thickness of this layer varies: at the equator, it reaches up to 18 kilometers over the poles 8 ... 10 kilometers. Here, in the troposphere, the formation of fog and clouds, rain and snowfall, storms and blizzards, storms and hurricanes. All these natural phenomena form the weather on our planet. Above the troposphere is the second layer, which is called - the stratosphere. Its thickness is about 50 ... 60 km. There is very little water vapor, so almost no clouds are formed. On the whole thickness of the stratosphere bitter cold minus 50 ... 60 degrees Celsius. Blow shrill, high winds, which never happens in the troposphere. Mesosphere - the next layer of the ocean air. Its height is about 55 ... 85 kilometers. In this layer greatly decreases the air temperature down to minus 70 ... 80 degrees Celsius. In the summer, in clear weather look in the sky. There, high above the ground you can see the shiny thin clouds, they are called silver. These clouds are formed at an altitude of 70 kilometers from the Earth's surface.

Aboriginal rights are the neighbors pigeons and sparrows.

In Siberia before the Russian colonization did not know the sparrows. In areas inhabited by hunting tribes that ate meat, and one who did not know bread, these granivorous birds had nothing to do. Since then, as farmers began to settle Siberia, there began to wade and the sparrow. Eastern Siberia and the north of the Ob basin sparrows were settled only at the beginning of the XVIII century. Together with the city or House Sparrow with the onset of winter comes on the outskirts of cities and in all human settlements close to his relatives - tree sparrow, which lives in summer, more in the fields, and roamed to shelter only from the beginning of winter. This can be read on the head reddish-brown color (the city is gray). On his throat is black nagrudnichek not going down as low as in the urban sparrow. The female sparrow is not very different from the male, except parotid black spot in her (also unlike the city) a little smaller than the male. On the wings of a sparrow two light strips, and at the town - one. With the first warm days of spring herald a close, the sparrows begin to behave very noisy, loud chirping, flying briskly, and the males become defiant and fighting. Courtship of females, fights rivals, worries about the new nests - all points to their spring mood. In late March Vorobyiha already sitting on nests, and field sparrows leave the city.

Earthquake

Imagine a table on which to build a toy country. On a table sprinkled sand hills. Instead of lakes are the saucer with water. At the foot of the mountain you have laid the city out of blocks. How can immediately destroy all this construction? It's enough to swipe at the table. What do we see? Sand Mountain has moved from his seat and fell asleep part of the city out of blocks. Splashed water from a saucer. Houses made of bricks scattered. Likewise, tremors from the depths of the earth can shake and destroy buildings in the city to stir up the ocean, cut the surface of the Earth's huge cracks. But what makes shudder huge stone slabs? The fact that the edges of these plates have a lot of rough spots and scratches, sharp edges and cracks. The ribs and giant projections tightly linked to each other, as the teeth of two giant gears. But the plates are constantly moving, and their edges are left in place because they can not change his position. Takes time and this leads to enormous stresses in the crust. But this can not last long. Some of the "tenacious" ledges do not stand up and break off with a bang, others recalling the bent steel plate, springs and released, koleblyuteya. B. This time the surface of the Earth trembles strongly with all that therein is, that is, there is the same as a town with a toy on the table. Something like this was during the earthquake of 1857 so far from San Francisco. Here for a few minutes the Pacific Plate has moved towards the North at 10 centimeters.

Is it possible to reduce an earthquake?

Immediately after the disaster in 1923 the Japanese government has issued several laws that were meant to protect people from harm, which brings an earthquake. According to these laws, broad highways and a strong houses have been replaced by areas with dense buildings, dominated by narrow, winding streets. But in this case the law was too late. Many homeless tokiytsy have already made of planks, corrugated iron roofing sheets and restore their homes in old places. So Tokyo is still the city where an earthquake could mess things up a lot of trouble. Earthquake - a strict examiner. It will check whether the house is built well and show what kind of building stable. Studying the effects of earthquakes, builders learned to build houses that can withstand pretty strong tremors. Home in a seismic zone must meet certain requirements. Adobe buildings with flat roofs, as well as light boards shalt thou and brick houses usually crumble after the first quake. Therefore, to the roof collapsed on his head, you need to build strong homes. In this case, a prerequisite is a strong grip frame houses with stone foundations. Particular attention should be paid to the heating system. As shown by the disaster in Lisbon, San Francisco and Tokyo, fires are often more dangerous than the earthquake itself. Scientists continue to develop plans to protect against natural disasters, and people should know how to behave in case of danger. The city authorities of cities, which are in a seismic zone, carry out regular exercises.

Flowering. Spring ends, summer begins

The same happens with other events (such as gardening, fruit ripening, seed dispersal, change the color of leaves falling leaves and autumn). The last third of the spring is of particular importance to account for future crops. At this time the bloom most of the fruit trees and bushes. Profuse flowering under favorable weather conditions determine the possible productivity plodovodcheskogo economy. Too late frosts in some years may destroy the fruits at once of one or another plant. The same, and sometimes even more important may have a mass appearance of pests attacking the ovaries of flowers. That's why no empty fun to follow closely the timing of flowering plants. Flowering cherry, which opens the top of this crucial period of spring, no wonder always attracted the attention of observers. Flowering cherry - is a signal that should make wary business executives and fruit growers. This signal encourages them to be vigilant in relation to garden pests. He said that it was time to carry out daily inspection of fruit trees and bushes, and in case of occurrence of insect pests take immediate measures to protect the orchard from damage. Observation. During the last period of spring mark the following events: Beginning of flowering 1) cherry, 2) black currant, and 3) pears, plums, cherries, 4) red elderberry, and 5) Norway spruce. Flowering 6) honeysuckle forest, 7) me-nots, lily, celandine, 8), oak, 9) yellow acacia, 10) apple, 11) Rowan, 12), lilac purple, 13) pines.

Fish in late spring

Continue to spawn many fish that have started their spawning grounds in April: minnows, roach, sheresper, loach, schipovki, perch, bullhead, and others in late May or early June, toss in ponds and lakes, carp roe. When water temperature becomes not less than 14 °, the carp gather in flocks in the reeds, but they do not lyubyatosoki. During spawning the females are kept at the bottom. Males swim top, jump into the air, stirring up the water, smacking and produce more turmoil. Females lay up to 100,000 eggs. But in the ovaries of large carp find them from 200 to 360 thousand. At the same time as the carp spawning bream: young - in late May, bream average - a little later, the old spawn even later, when the ear rye, ie, on the border of the spring and summer. Cold weather delayed spawning. Bream spawn in the morning to water the plants with great noise and bustle. Lini129 begin spawning in late May, but continue it in June or early July. In May spawn catfish. They begin with the fact that the pectoral fins dig nest in the form of deep pits. At the bottom of her somiha puts a lot of large eggs which the male pours milk. But the matter does not end there. And the male and female remain with the eggs laid and guarded them from different lakomok, which so many on the river bottom. Huge catfish are able to instill fear of any fish. Their tails are strong concern over the water guarded nest was removed, and any risk to fry the eggs. Thus, under the protection of parental leave som fry from eggs, and at first kept at the bottom of the reserve pits.

Animals in the spring. Part 1

What he does when he wakes up? Bears belong to predators. But in essence it is a truly omnivorous animals. In the summer of the bear, but rather a vegetarian, and plant food plays a huge role in his diet. But in the early spring plants have not so much. What is necessary to feed him? First of all, he goes to look for ant. For days the bear wanders from one pile to another, unearth them with their claws and, like ant-eater, eats ants already awake. How much should it swallow these tiny insects, they have to fill your stomach? However, the bear is fed not only by ants. He breaks the rotten stumps and seeks out in them fatty longhorn larvae and other insects that feed on wood. Like a pig, he eats everything from insects to accidental fall, which senses the distance. In the spring catches frogs, lizards, a word that only will get. Exhume bulbs and tubers of plants. Bear already walking at this time with her cubs. In April of bears continues spring molt. Bear is very sensitive, and in the forests of the middle band, where he has remained, extremely timid, and most of all afraid of meeting with someone from a distance senses. Any unexpected sound of his scares. Therefore, it is very difficult to see a bear. But signs of its presence is much easier to see: a lot of the broken stumps, dug anthills, "sometimes", ie, the fossa, which digs a bear, and finally, the characteristic fingerprints bear armor on a dirt road on the bank of a waterhole, similar to a wide human footprint, with only holes from the claws, in front of fingerprints.

Life in ponds. Part 1

A great many microscopic creatures - ciliates, rotifers, copepods, water fleas - the fruit and multiplies in the calm water of these lakes. Red mites are floating back and forth, rapidly turning over legs. There are many aquatic insects, which we have partly mentioned above. From mid-May can be seen laying eggs in small leeches klepsiny. This small light-red leeches to 2 cm long. Unlike other leeches klepsina protect their offspring. Testes, it cleaves to the abdomen, which bends in a trough or gutter. In this case, it is so tightly clings to the spot on which sits, that move it from there it is very difficult. In the first half of June, the eggs hatch the young leeches. However, they did not leave his seat and remain under the mother, every now and then leaning out the front ends and back again, hiding (Fig. 87). Only a little later they begin to unravel and to live independently. As adults klepsiny, they cling to the soft parts of various molluscs (Lymnaea stagnalis and coils) and feed them with blood. That is why this is sometimes called the cochlear leech. In late May and early June can be found on the leaves of aquatic plants young colonies of bryozoans - sedentary animals with numerous tentacles around the mouth. At the same time out of the eggs the young snails of the genus Lymnaea stagnalis (Limnaea). Spawn their pond, as well as other aquatic molluscs, attached to the leaves of aquatic plants. In pond it looks like a transparent gelatinous sausage inside of which clearly visible from the testicles.

Birds in the last period of the spring. Continued

Bon starts with the fact that males are against each other and excrete a number of impulsive movements that talk about how angry both opponents. However, they bristle their neck feathers, stretched his neck and come on to each other, tykayas long orange beaks, like fencers rapiers. Brawl seems bitter, for ends very soon: the weaker calls in flight. One is fighting a couple after another, and so is repeated every night, and soldiers, even the losers, do not suffer much harm from the blows. Flexible, soft beaks turuhtanov unable to inflict bloody wounds, and bulge is the collar fighters good defense: most of the beak strikes accounted for its share. From late May females are less and less visited places bouts. Now comes the time to worry about posterity, in which the combative male takes no part. In the swampy, wet lowland under stalks sedges and other wetland plants on the ground, in a shallow pit female lays four greenish eggs. In case of danger, it goes differently than other shorebirds that squeak with curled over the enemy and their concern and cries of the proximity of the nest issue. Female ruff behaves so that it seems weakened or wounded bird. Runs along the ground, limp, stumble, with an effort takes wing, and, tumbling, falling into the grass. And the beast and a dog and a man unwittingly duped this habits and, pursuing the bird, go farther and farther from the nest. When the rise in the meadows of grass and grow winter crops in fields, on the evening and morning zoryam with meadows and fields can hear sounds similar to the bass or the creaking sound of the horn-comb, when the ends of its teeth is carried out with a fingernail.

Animals in the spring. Part 2

From mid-April opening covered with a way out of the hole the female hamster. The male makes it even earlier. As soon after hibernation female encounters a male, they immediately begin to dig a new summer apartment, where and settle for a short time together. This is the only time when hamsters can live peacefully among themselves. At other times they are so quarrelsome, that any meeting between them ends in a quarrel and a brutal fight. Together with the departure of spring insects are awakening and bats. They leave the tree hollows, dusty attics and sheds, where they spent the winter hiding in some hidden corner, and begin to fly after sunset. In the second half of April, in close vole burrow at a depth of 40-60 cm below ground on a soft bed of garnetted ears and dry moss born her first brood (4-8 pups). But this is only the beginning. Vole has time before winter naplodit before six of the same broods. For one year from one pair is born from three to four dozen pups. And as the young early broods, in turn, begin to multiply by the fall of that year, then you can imagine how quickly things can go multiplication of these animals. In the middle of the spring molt of the protein. She loses long blonde hair and winter becomes red. Molting is the majority of animals. Since early April, molt hares, deer and elk, which. By May, the young grow horns. Ends in April molting foxes and wolves. In the second half of April, continuing even later litters of young foxes and wolves and start early litters of wolverines.

Life in ponds. Part 3

In mid-summer pauchpha lays its bigger houses a handful of eggs. She immediately braids their sticky webs, detaya of her silk cocoon. She guards this cocoon, protecting it from different water thieves. From mid-May start to hatch from the pupae of mosquitoes, Kusaka of the genus aedes. Mosquitoes of the genus kuleks at this time can not be found. At a time when the spring generation is already beginning to fly day and night, the mosquito larvae still swimming in the water as larvae. Malaria mosquitoes usually spring generation emerge in early June, or (in the warm spring) at the end of the middle ten days of May. The Soviet government has intensified the fight against malign these insects. Even before the first flight of mosquito pools occupied by the larvae of mosquito, trying all sorts of ways to defuse it. They watered peftyo or kerosene, a film whose larvae suffocate. In the vast swamps, peatland, where, after the development of peat are numerous pit filled with stagnant water, and generally anywhere where large spaces occupied by bodies of water contaminated with the larvae of mosquito, water is sprinkled with powder toxic Paris green. Do it or hand sprayer, or flying with the infected places planes. The larvae eat the powder deposited on water, like eat all the microscopic particles that are in the surface film of water, poisoned and die. After a successful dust from airplanes often are killed without exception the whole army of larvae, and the next flight of mosquitoes - vectors of malaria infection - in this reservoir will not happen.

Life in ponds. Part 2

Evolved larva leaves the water and burrows into the ground. In early May, she turns into a chrysalis, and later in the month of her adult insect comes out. Females after fertilization, lay a lot of small black eggs near water: on the stems of cattail, reed, on stilts baths and bridges, etc. These eggs have the form of small bottles with short necks. Starting with the first half of June, you can catch a female of this beautiful beetle at work. Their sharp mandibles it gnaw oblong window in the floating leaves. When the window is ready, she sticks to it his belly and lay small eggs on the underside of the leaf. Some species raduzhnits to lay their eggs just fall into the water. Raduzhnits larvae develop under the water, feeding on roots and stems of underwater plants. Egg-laying in raduzhnits continues until July. In the second half of May on aquatic plants put small oblong balls fast bugs, pond skater. They lay their long row, gluing the mucins. Total number of eggs in a row happens to fifty. In early June of the rooms have a tiny long-legged klopiki and immediately accepted to run on water. Very easily they predators, like myself beetle. In July they pupate already (on the banks of the pond), and will soon appear beetles. Plavunets and its larvae attack and small fish. In fish ponds, they cling to it because of fine hairs on the legs, which are not wetted by water. In early June, is laying eggs in the water bug-Gladyshev. Why it seems such a mirror of his abdomen? Catch the water spider, and you'll find that on the air, it will be quite different.

Birds in the last period of the spring

Return nightjar is timed to the emergence of moths. Nightjar hunts at night. We nightjar appear at a time when the leaves unfold in lime. In the second half of May we hear on the evening zoryam repetitive trills and "cottons" male nightjar. In the woods and on the edge of deciduous forest begins distributed beautiful flute voice of a male yellow orioles. The return of this bird is confined to the time leafy crowns of trees, oriole - the last of the migratory birds. Soon after the arrival of an oriole nest on the tree, and the female sits on the eggs. The entire last period of the spring can be seen wedding turuhtanov tournaments. These shorebirds arrive to us in early May and occupy those positions which then makes the nest: the swampy shores of lakes, rivers, marshy meadows and grassy marshes. In the spring the males turuhtanov, who had put "marriage dress, are very different from females. On the sides and bottom of the neck, they grow very long feathers, forming a sort of collar. On each side of the head appear "ears", it also grows quite long feathers. "Collars" and "ears" are a variety of colors: from black to gray, from dark red to light red, one-color or speckled, striped, pestryankah. Stains are so diverse, that among the hundreds turuhtanov-males, it is hard to find at least two completely identical: that no male, then its colors "collar" and "ears". This collar can be raised and lowered at will most birds and plays an important role during fights between males.

Birds on the eve of the summer

Try to approach crake, listening to his screams. Very soon you will begin to wonder how hard it is to see near or far from you crake. It seems that he is somewhere nearby, and a minute later his screams are heard faintly from afar. This is because crake cries, turning in different directions, and constantly running from place to place. When the rise of grain in the fields with them are starting to be heard "quail fight." Quail shouted, calling for a female, and the cries of his pass various words like: "bedtime", "pod-weed," as anyone can hear. Quail females continue to call and when they sit down na eggs laid by a simple hole. They begin to die down until July, since the time when the young hatch. In warm years it happens in June or the first half of July. Later the same masonry caught in August. In May, sitting on the eggs of quail, hen, grouse and grouse, some gluharki and hen even with his first decade. Most songbirds have already platted their nests, lay eggs, while females have begun to hatch, whereas males seek out food for her friends and sing silent, sitting somewhere nearby on a tree branch. To list of birds that hatch their eggs in this period of spring, there is no need: it was necessary to call almost all of our birds. In early June, begin to hatch chicks. Here are a motley hen brought in a remote woods their numerous offspring. Near it is sometimes possible to count up to sixteen little fuzz-covered chickens. With a caution, as hen-hen, she leads them along the forest undergrowth, raking strong legs forest soil, hard-smelling rotting last year's leaves.

Plants. Midsummer

The sky shines clear blue. But when the clouds gather, they break out heavy rains, loud thunder, and sometimes fatal to crops by hail. In the middle belt of July has the greatest amount of precipitation compared with other months (on average). Only in the second half of August, average daily temperatures begin to decrease rapidly, becoming cooler nights and more and more appears in the forest of yellow leaves - the first harbingers of autumn. The second period of the summer, as we established, begins with the flowering limes. In the middle zone there are two types of lime: large-and small-leaved. The first few blooms later than the second. More properly considered for the beginning of a sultry summer, the pores of the second period of time, small-leaved flowering limes (for the central region), the average time for which Moscow has a mid-July (at Zdanovsky - July 13). This kind of lime is more convenient to choose for the middle band, because here he found almost everywhere in the woods and groves, while large-grows only in gardens and parks and is the area where it can not be found. To find out what kind of lime you're dealing, we must remember the distinctive characteristics of both species. In small-leaved leaves both sides glabrous, beneath the gray-green, in the corners of the veins with reddish beards. In large-leaves much more green on both sides, bottom, along the veins myagkovolosistye in the corners of the veins with whitish beards. Another sign is even more striking: poluzontik inflorescences large-lime has two or three flowers and a small-leaved it is no less than five to seven flowers, and sometimes more.

Animals in the last period of the spring

In the second half of May, a female deer calves to these little deer survived in the European part of our Union. In Siberia, the same deer live in large numbers and there is a special form - the so-called Siberian wild goat. By the end of the month horns of deer, not only solidify, but are already beginning to be cleaned from the skin. They eventually become bare. At this time the deer like to stay near the keys. Like all hoofed animals, they love the salt, and therefore any kind of salt licks attract them to yourself. In the last third of the spring are cleared horns of an elk. Elk begin to calve. The old elk calf born with two. Elk vigorously defends its offspring, dealing heavy blows with sharp hoofs of the front legs. She throws herself with such fury on the enemy that even the wolves afraid of it. In early May schenyatsya fox. In late May, foxes have open eyes. In the litter account for sometimes up to 13 foxes. In late May, litters were observed in ferrets, and martens. Together with his mother and cubs go. Now they eat the same food as the bear. Feeding them food like badgers, but they eat more and ants, pull out of the rotting stumps of the larvae, eating lots of plant foods. Mother vigilantly watching their offspring, and a meeting with the she-bear, surrounded by children - the most dangerous of all the random encounters with these animals.

Birds in the first half of summer

I snipe, snipe and woodcock also are very late clutches. But most of them at this time already has chicks. It's too late you can find the eggs of coastal swallows. Bricklaying they stretched for a long time. Appearing in the middle lane at the beginning of May, beregovushki not immediately begin to nest. By this time, not yet quite dried shore. Maybe this is happening and from some other cause. Much is explained by the peculiarities of their nests. Beregovushki belong to those birds that breed societies. For nests, they always choose the vertical steep banks of rivers or ravines. Here they are arranged in dozens, hundreds, and sometimes (on the Volga), even thousands of pairs. More likely to choose them rather high cliffs shore meadow. This choice can be explained not only by the fact that this beach more deserted. Importantly, it often forms a steep inaccessible cliffs. Beregovushki before proceeding to the device sockets, must wait until the drop is too high water. Swallows are usually dug earth moves up to a meter and even more in length, takes, of course, a lot of time. It happens that during the digging, they stumble upon a large rock that stops working. Then they have to throw started running, and they were taken to dig again somewhere nearby. No wonder that these families are starting to clutch too late: in late June or early July. In quail broods are not only in June and July, for even in August, and in exceptional cases, and in September. All summer you hear the PA fields on the evening zoryam glib "sleep-time" these restless birds.

Animals welcome summer

For the old elk go young Calves that are growing rapidly day by day becoming more and more. In the early summer mating occurs bears. Bear cubs abandoned and found with older bears. Males fight among themselves, and sometimes at night you can hear their angry roar. Cubs go away. They now have to live alone and own for food. Now it's easy - plenty of berries. Bears stuffed bellies of all fruit, eat sweet stalks, flutes umbrella plants, fungi and gorge on all day without tiring feed everyone that comes across the PA's eyes. Two weeks stretched bear "wedding". In July, all part of their routine. Males bears dispersed to other parts of the forest, bears returned to the cubs. By mid-July, keeping pace with raspberries. On felling and logging sites, where the bush raspberry bushes, bears are an abundance of berries, gorge on to dump and start gorging. In the dense bush or under a pile of brushwood and hedgehog ezhiha arrange his unpretentious den. There, on a soft bed of grass and leaves, ezhiha brings five or six blind pups. The rudiments of sharp needles has already laid down in the depths of their skin in the form of short spiky and hard grains, which can be felt through the upper skin. While the needle is not growing back and covered the entire body and strong barbed bristles ezhata not leave the lair. In shrews have several litters in the summer and how many - the exact details are not yet available. In the northern taiga, mostly in the second half of June, wolverines give birth to two or three puppies to give them a soft and warm den under a large rock or in a ravine.

Where did we come to the geography?

Now it is difficult to imagine that to the knowledge of these simple truths of people walked many thousands of years, observing, experimenting, learning the secrets of nature. Thus is accomplished the most important human discoveries. Man since ancient times attracted horizon. He wanted to know what is behind it. May be just what is hidden distance, necessary for full happiness? And the most courageous and decisive journeyed, naively thinking that they could reach the edge of the Earth. In spite of the mortal danger, driven by curiosity and greed, daredevils and again went in search of gold, precious stones, exotic gifts of nature without even realizing that they make discoveries. As time went on. People invented writing. It was necessary to transfer the experience to new generations. They began to make notes about what they saw and what heard during his travels. But most importantly - how would an application to the records of travelers schematically depicted on the paper on his way. This need has arisen in association with the geometry. It was necessary to calculate distances. The first of these sketches appeared in ancient Babylon. They were the prototypes for future maps. But most of this activity has reached in ancient Greece. The most ancient geographic map was drawn up it was there about 550 years before P. X. Ionian natural philosophers Anaximander. A little later map of the Earth was Gekatej. Map of the Persian kingdom was made by order of King Darius I. Create maps of Anaximander preceded the opening of land by the ancient Greeks, who invaded the Mediterranean Sea and colonized peoples who lived there.

Summer ... the plants are growing

It turns out that the roots of the young Ivan da Marya cling to the earth to the roots of other plants and suck out their juices. Thus, Ivan da Marya lives partly on the expense of others. Such plants are called poluparazitami because, having green leaves they can eat, like other green herbs, but at the same show and parasitic properties. At the beginning of the second half of June the first berries ripen strawberries. By the end of June beginning to emerge some mushrooms. They do not so much. Still, boletus and aspen, in different colors and even white russula mushroom No-No and yes get into eyes. In early July, blueberries begin to ripen. Around the middle of July comes the second period of the summer, rich berries and fruits - the most nourishing time for all birds and beasts, and such fine as the rodents, and these big as a bear. Observations on plants. It is useless to list all the summer flowering plants: the list a little to say to someone who is not acquainted with them in nature. To know the scientific name of an unfamiliar plant is necessary, as they say, "define" this plant, ie, determine its scientific name of a particular definitional tables. This can be done with a torn plant, or dried. Drawing herbarium - the best way to learn the local vegetation.

Summer begins - the plants grow

Since that time, meadow clover continued to flourish until the autumn, unfolding one after another more and more purplish-red head. All summer bloom well and fine, gracefully curved brush blue-violet flowers murine peas, which clings to its curly tendrils of green stems of neighboring plants. Pea blossoms in June - late clover. Flowers of clover are adapted to pollination by bumblebees, adjacent na them for nectar. Clover is one of the best nutritious grasses. Cultural clover differs from the wild-tall, dense foliage and often empty inside stems. As the summer blooms na meadows and several other plants; caustic buttercups, purple meadow geranium, yarrow, etc. At the same time begin to bloom relatives red carnations: ragged robin, a little later - the sticky tar. In June, the bloom on the meadows is one of the common types of bells, the so-called bell spreading. Most of our grasslands cover plants - it's grasses. In the second half of June bloom on water meadows, meadow fescue and some time later her - timothy. Both cereals are among the best forage grasses. Blooms at this time and most other cereals. Pollination of crops is done by the wind. By the end of the first period of the summer slumber and cuckooflower been shed, there are colors of red carnations and crackers, with white nimbuses and swollen calyxes that loud pop when they hit sharply on the hand, holding the opening of the cup with your fingers. In the woods. By the end of spring fades most forest trees, standing in bloom last spring.

Plants. Life on the water in the summer

Green Leaves in the form of arrowheads, or copies of rise above the petty backwater. This arrowhead. It blooms white flowers, blooming high above water stem from late June until early September. Arrowhead handsome in a large aquarium, for he was a little too cumbersome. At the arrowhead is easy to trace the formation of winter buds. By the autumn the plant is beginning to take off the ground more or less long shoots (depending on the nature of the soil). At the end of the flight, heading to a muddy bottom, formed a bud. Under the protection of silt it hibernates, and in the spring, gives a new shrub arrowhead. Make yourself beginning and end of flowering arrowhead in nature, while the greatest development of side shoots, while the formation of its fruits. Arrowhead are very undemanding in the aquarium and so expands that part of his shoots must be removed. In a swamp or marshy coast you can find interesting plants - calla, rising from the shallow-water beam large broad leaves. Among them, there is one - a bright white color. This is a white wing, for which the plant itself got its name. The wing covers are fleshy stem (cob). Sit on the ear inconspicuous flowers - male and female. White wing is used to lure insects. They sit on the cob and transfer pollen from the stamens on the pistil. Calla grows well only in the deep silt beds, and therefore it is better to plant a special flower pots, which were then placed at the bottom of large aquariums. Many slowly flowing and standing waters, river oxbow, ponds and puddles that remain for the summer on the river banks after the spill, we can find water plant - Elodie Canadian, or water plague.