Caucasus - Black Sea coast

But the Eastern Caucasus is usually left outside attention of tourists. Meanwhile, the area with its treeless, sun-scorched planes, overgrown with wild forest deep canyons, black, are composed of shale or haired snow peaks, the area populated by distinct peoples of different language groups that have retained some features of ancient culture, is extremely interesting for tourists. Mountainous villages in Dagestan, and Tusheti Khevsurs-Democracy situated high on the slopes above the forest, amid the chaos of mountain ranges. Crowded houses are built on top of each other so that the flat roof of the lower court is for the top. Located on opposite slopes of the gorges of the village connected to each other just a thin ribbon bridge, re-cast at a height of several tens of meters above the rapids of mountain rivers, roaring at the bottom of the abyss. Resting in the blue sky, towering menacingly over auls monumental tower - mute witnesses of the past. Khevsureti located in the western part of the Eastern Caucasus and occupies the highlands between the Grozny area to the north and the Georgian Military Highway to the west and south, forming the northern outskirts of the Georgian SSR. Main Caucasian ridge divides Hevsu-retiyu into two parts - north and south. North is located in the upper reaches of Assa and Argun, and south - in the pool Hevsurskoy Aragvi. North Khevsureti bounded on the east, snow, or Pirikitelskim, ridge, over which stands a series of sharp peaks, blindingly radiant with eternal snows.

On the Limits of the Lada

Famous Zhigulevskie mountains, Lada, located 60 km from the Kuibyshev, up the Volga, constitute the northern part of the Samara Bend. Volga, aspiring to the south, encountering along the way a strong ridge of limestone, turns east and go around it, continues on his way to the south. Bending (bend), which forms here the Volga, was named Samara Luka. Most often Samara Luka do not mean a bend of the Volga, and the terrain, like the peninsula, it concluded. The length of the bows - about 100 km, width - about 30 km. Zhigulevskie mountains - a wonderful corner of our country's most picturesque place on the Volga, which is of great scientific value. Here, an extraordinary variety of terrain, rocks, soil, flora and fauna. Lada pulled a solid chain. They are covered with forest. On the tops and slopes - rocky forbidding cliffs, and gray stones of bizarre forms and shapes, many ridges, smooth convex stone 'foreheads, covered with moss and lichen. Early in the morning you can watch spectacular. Distant mountains are not visible: they tightened a thick blanket of fog. The sun rises higher, the fog gradually dissipated, and wraps just thins the base of the mountains. A top, completely cleansed from the fog, drenched in sunshine, as if floating in the air. By noon, the fog remains only in deep canyons. "Earthly steam" the locals call it. If you look at the bottom Lada, from the Volga, they have the form of this mountainous country. But when you look at the neighborhood from the tops of the mountains becomes immediately clear that this is a continuous ridge, smooth plateau, dissected by gullies, which cut off a steep ledge over the Volga River in its northern part and gradually decreases to the south.

In paramonovskom ravine

And here we are in Paramonovskom ravine. It struck us that went many places in the Moscow region, its beauty, its endless distances of; here grandiose glacier plow plowed a huge hollow, leaving about a souvenir placer granitic moraines. His greatness, too, obliges. No, not the number of kilometers traveled will be proud of the trip participants, not for a romantic overnight stay in tents, we came into this "wilderness", and ashes of fires, we note our way! We have begun a campaign of "trefoil", a place where three rivers merge - Iksha, Volgusha and Yakhroma. Here is the first object - cognitive, and we can not just watch the rare geographical phenomenon, standing there a minute or two. The Plan does not provide for a narrow problem a detailed study of the rivers with the plotting, but to determine their speed in different sections, to take water samples for further analysis at the school - is not geography in practice or not to have the practice of the future hydrology and geology? The fastest of the three rivers, the most turbulent and alluring - Volgusha. Her overgrown shore and went against the flow tourists. Soon loop trails broke off: apparently rotted support bridges, and a raging torrent after a long rain scattered the logs, stuck among the trees near the water, washed clean handrails. "Yes, here it is not just repairing smell - thought each. - Well, it's more fun! "Work enough - and have to drive into the bottom of Coke, and shore support to align.

Around Lake Cahul (Reni - Dolinskoye - Limanskoe - Etulia - Nagorno - Orlovka - Reni)

The trip starts from Renee. Our first stop can be done in Dolinsky. At its center is a small park, planted by the pioneers. Overnight envisaged in Limanskoe. From coast estuary spectacular views located on the opposite shore of the lake village Nagornoe. It can be reached by ferry, which departs every half hour or two. A few kilometers from the Liman - Etulia village, alongside a narrow strip along the coast. The main population of his - Gagauzia ("eider" in Bulgarian means "beak", "narrow" - "truth." Gagauz "- truthfully speaking mouth). The origin of the Gagauz not determined. Believe that they represent an independent nation. A community of some household characteristics with the Bulgarians was the result of the neighborhood with them for many years. Some ethnologists believe that the Gagauz people - descendants of Turks or scratch (one of the Turkic peoples, who came in ancient times to the lower reaches of the Danube from the depths of Asia). In the Russian chronicles of this nation is known as "black hoods. Gagauz people passed through the Black Sea steppes after Pechenegs. Orthodox faith embraced by the Slavs. "Black Hoods" were closely connected with the Kiev prince, and even at one time carried the guard service at the Vladimir Monomakh. Gagauz village distinguish right buildings, surrounded by fields and vineyards. Houses are built of sticks, smeared with clay, or adobe (the Local "lampach"), whitewashed, and sometimes painted decorations.

Vilkovo

Vilkovo founded in the middle of the XVIII century. First settled here, the Don Cossacks, the participants in the uprising Kondraty Bulavin. Since 1879, the city belonged to Romania. Before the October Revolution was regarded as the capital of anglers Danube region. Advantageous geographical position, vast fish resources of the region here have attracted an army of merchants and fishermen. They cared little about the growth of the city. On the whole town was one elementary school in which studied forty children, and thirty taverns where fishermen returning from sea after a hard day, kept the money. During the Soviet period Vilkovo appearance has changed. Construction of new fish farm shops, put into effect a power station. The plant has several powerful refrigerators, and motor-fishing - the station - large and medium-seiner. Local fishermen joined the collective farms served by motor-fishing station. Proper use of fish resources Danube region attracts much attention. With this purpose in a laboratory of the Hydrobiological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. For working fishermen are good conditions. On all the islands near the place of catch to establish a point of reception of fish. Departing on fishing, the fishermen for a week and never returned to the city and live on islands, where special home-built residences, shops. The two islands are primary schools. From the marine station in the city is one of the most beautiful streets - Port. In 1949, it erected a monument to the sailors who died during the liberation Vilkovo during the Great Patriotic War.

Around the lakes and Yalpuh Kugurluy (on foot or waterway)

In Novoselskoe in a picturesque location on the banks of the river is inter-collective farm summer camp. Go Novoselskoe - Smooth - The basin is one day. The village is surrounded by a Plavni. From the estuary to it are wide stairs, covered with light-green vineyards and lush trees. Coast estuary sand, the water is clean and bright. The village is situated in a valley basin of the lake Yalpuh (hence the name of it). Founded it in 1808 during the relocation of the Bulgarians, Gagauz and other people who had fled from the oppression of the Turks. Day's rest to be done in Bolgrad - the district center of Odessa region with a population of more than sixteen thousand people. Founded in 1821 in honor of the liberation from Turkish rule in 1838, is built temple of the Holy Transfiguration, reminiscent of the architecture of St. Isaac's Cathedral in Leningrad. A popular place for recreation for the citizens of the city - spread out on the lake Yalpuh park them. Pushkin, where during his stay in Bessarabia used to walk a great poet. In 1949, close to the park was erected a monument to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. From Bolgrad can make a bus tour to the location of eighteen kilometers from the city monument of outstanding Russian commander Marshal Rumyantsev Transdanubia. Under his command of Russian troops in 1770, defeated the superior forces of the Turkish troops in the famous battle Katulsky. On-site Katulsky battle near Vulcanesti, was later erected a monument. It is made of stone in Rakushechnoye Dorian style in the form of columns, set on a square plinth.

Annals of the iron edge »

Stand in the town square, gun, they almost hide the orange pieces of the sun - nasturtium. Sisters of guns, a monument to Russian arms - well, in the park Bulgarian town of Pleven. Even before fame Chrysostom. In 1833, Pavel Anosov got here damask. He damask, which is kept secret and lost East. Blades of Chrysostom considered the best in the world not only for strength, but also for beauty. They were decorated with skillful engravers Ivanka lionfish - Ivan Bushuyev, bazhovskogo hero tale. Blade with his winged horses, and now stored in Zlatoust Museum. Hawthorns, Yuzhakov, Serovikov - a galaxy of artists on the metal work here. Engravers and now makes a wonderful engraving on metal. Chrysostom was the center of the mountain region - the iron edge, and his story - the chronicle of the Urals. Perhaps, the first terrestrial steelmakers will appear here. Ptolemy in the second century, knew that the mountains Norosskih since then called the Southern Urals, has long been out iron and copper. Celtic bronze from the Urals were found in Norway and the Angara. At one time, about twenty-five mines in Zlatoust Mining District was opened on the spot "miraculous mine." Also found the earliest ironworks furnace. XVIII century - the dawn of world fame of the Urals. With a light hand of Peter the Great grew up here works like mushrooms after rain. Came here merchants tysjachniki: Demidov, Stroganoff, Mosolov - and became millionaires. They knew how to turn iron into gold. Were bought for pennies in Bashkir huge forest cottage.

Settlement Tatarbunary

So the Emperor Trojan, who commanded the Roman army was forced to strengthen the conquered territory. On his orders the slaves had poured defensive shaft, went down in history as the "Lower Trojans shaft. On the outskirts of the village the remains of the shaft. Tatarbunary village, a destination route, situated on the river Kagalnik. Believe that it is based Tatars who settled here in the XVI century. Its name is translated into Russian as well Tatar "," Tatar-key (in Tatarbunary there are three fountains-key). With Tatarbunary associated broke out in 1924 famously Tatarbunary revolt against the oppression of the Romanian boyars. It embraced a large territory Izmailschiny. The rebels proclaimed Soviet power and raised the red flag, reyavshee over the city for three days. Against the rebels were thrown into large military units. The massacre was brutal. In Tatarbunary sixty-nine burned houses, killed one hundred and nine of the peasants. Total in the district killed two thousand peasants. Dozens of villages were razed to the ground. Tatarbunary known, and other exploits. During World War II near the village of eight heroes of the gunners were unequal battle with a whole regiment of the Nazis. The artillerymen had fallen hero's death, killing more than four hundred fascists. Killed in that battle, and the battery commander, Senior Lieutenant Ivan M. Barinov, who was posthumously awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union. In Tatarbunary is a mass grave of heroes. Tatarbunary today - it's an urban type, a major regional center of the Odessa region of Ukraine.

Song of Miass Valley

V power line is Turgojak. Long can be described by a lake, but in my opinion, it is beautiful and Ridha and Teletskoje. Shard of the sky, reduction in the frame of forests. Giant spring, since water is as cold and transparent. The closer to the Miass, the more you meet people with backpacks. Still, here Ilmensky reserve. Miass valley in the last century was in full swing second Klondike. In the year to Miass mines namyvali to five hundred pounds of gold. In 1842, land Syut H. Kean opened the largest in the world of all known nugget, weighing 35.7 kilos. By the end of the last century, gold-bearing sands are poorer, but zolotopromyvochnye dredge and are now working on the Miass River. On all roads of the country are working truck with the trademark "Ural". From the east valley Miass shield Ilmeno - the most eastern Urals, it terrestrial geological museum. How many "museum" of precious and semiprecious stones, beryl, amazonite, garnet, crystal! Even Mias-sky train station is built of miasskita, which is almost nowhere else found. Our "Odyssey" ended on a fir. It, however, no one ate - is one of the lakes lake necklaces Zauralye: Chebarkul Kisegach, Sunukul, Al-Ghazi, Uvildy. Beautiful place. Holiday home, summer camp, summer residence. Last night could not sleep. In the light of torches catching crabs. The fishery is much primitive, but more successful than fishing. The sun greeted the song. Behind us lay kilometers traveled 55-th parallel. How many of them still, the parallels and meridians!

Stone bowl

In the stone bowl to go through the village or Shiryaevo, or from the picturesque village of Petroleum Solar Glade narrow path among the dense old forest. The latter is especially attractive in spring when the cherry blossoms: if you go for a fragrant garden, decorated with white caps of colors, and do not feel up the hill, the path is invisible, easy and enjoyable. Here you are facing the forest cordon "Deck", nestled among high mountains, at the foot of one of them, where they beat three sources of stone bowls, "deck". Behind the house, closer to the Stone ravine, a large steel barrel. To her from the mountain along the ravine runs a wooden trough in which escapes from the first source here pure tinkling stream of water. On the sunny glades are entering into a gloomy gully, where the sun's rays illuminate only the tops of trees. And below is cold and damp, the grass, despite the midday, copious dew. And soon, even walking on the track, you just do not get wet from the waist up. The farther go, the muffled covert, the higher and more beautiful grass. High brush blue bells bend under the weight of their flowers and thick stems of wild rose mallow, blue chicory ... And when you get to the arbor of overhanging whip hop when wade between the giant stalks bear horns, and fancies that are about to meet from the thick bush comes out and the owner of the Deaf forests - Toptygin. Around - a huge stone slabs and loose gravel. But suddenly the chute turns sharply to the left, the ravine widens, and before you open a spectacle that does not happen to see everyone in your life - an underground source comes from the bowels of the mountain to the surface.

Spring, Zhuravleva pit Light Lake

Permanent water bodies in the Zhiguli very little. One of the deepest - Spring Lake - is located near the former tar plant. The path to it passes through the village of Tar on a country road. Ahead of young shoots lime which has risen on the site cut down forests. Turn left on very recent felling. Go here is not easy - among the stumps, bumps on a raspberry bush and her constant companion nettle, stumbling into strings of barbed blackberry and hops, clinging to the bushes of wild rose, jumping or going around the fallen, already rotten tree trunks. The trail always leads down the slope - the slope of the ravine hop, sometimes displays a narrow path, barely visible among the tall grass. In some places there are young Osinki. Ends cutting begins woodlands, old wood - linden, aspen, oak, birch. Appear funnel. One of them is 5-6 meters deep and about 5-6 m in diameter. Water in the cup there. Begins a steep descent down the slope hop ravine. Tourists coming to a dense, almost impenetrable thickets of linden wood. That breakthrough, opening the way to the lake, but it can not go on. There's mud, the liquid, squelchy, something completely impassable, Carr. Throughout numerous hoof prints of elk. And that's more accessible approach to the lake. He closed the ring around the thick forest. Despite the bright sunny day, the water in the lake seems dark - the sun's rays do not penetrate here. On the slope of the ravine hop cleared the wind and the water in the lake fixed - it does not wind up and around.

Shuryshkarsky district - an exotic and modern

Customs and traditions Khanty most persistent were precisely in the area of ??adult male: they can see women hantyek with herbal braids and clothes of reindeer fur, decorated with colorful cloth, a kind of national holidays. But the most interesting thing is that tourists can watch the Ob North - it's fishing. Receptions her favorite places are preserved, nu have changed gear: there nylon net, fishing boats equipped with motors. Signs of modernity in the area of ??adult male can be found everywhere. In the village of Gorki is fishery. On-site blackened log gers series of sparkling newness homes. In large villages - nursing and hospitals. From the windows of many post offices are heard a squeaky voice radios.

Path to Meschera

Around here in the great bend of the Oka giant green triangle stretches Mescherskaya hand, aimed spearheaded the suburbs of Moscow. From north to south it is cut in half the chain of Great Lakes and of blue snake river Pra. According to these places and passes our boat trip: art. Tasino - River Buzha - Klepskovskie Lake - Klepiki city - the river Pra - Brykin Bor - Kochemary. Gazing at this little green spot, located in some kind of 150 - 200 km from Moscow, as if trying to see what lies ahead. But what could tell small-scale tourist map on which all can freely Meschera cover palm?

Zhigulevskie caves

You go ahead and every now and then stumble on large blocks of stone rolled down the slopes of the ravine. Passed about 1,5 km, climb up the ravine. There, about twenty meters from the bottom of the ravine, as if scattered light gray huge stones. Come a little more, and to the right, at a high, with thick, blackened with age, stem birch notice almost overgrown trail, which passes in subtle stone steps. Go up to him on a small platform on the slope of the ravine. That ice cave in the cold ravine. Before you - the ledge of the greyish layers of dolomite, hanging over a wall of rounded blocks of stone. These boulders look as though they were barely kept in place and may, after losing the last point of support, to fly down. On-site and on the slope of the ravine a lot of lumps, but on a stone wall a lot of dark gaping holes and crevices where these blocks once fell out. Entrance to the cave-in the form of a triangle, its width is about 1 m, height up to 0,5 m. The stones in recent years strongly seated, the outlet decreased. On slippery boulders come closer to the cave. From this it is cold. This happens even on the hottest days of summer: very recently it was ice. Get into the cave can only crawl. Soon, it expands and becomes higher - it can even sit up. Its length is about 4 m, width - about 2 m. The walls are dotted with horizontal cracks on the floor a lot of small stones. The second ice cave - on the same side of the ravine in the Cold 10 m from the first and at 4 m above it.

Ovgort on shore Syni

Synya - the largest tributary of the Ob in the adult male area. Its length over 300 km. The origins are in the area of ??mountain tundra of the eastern slopes of the Urals. Describing the great arc of the hilly, swampy terrain, Synya flows into the Ob River, against the village of New Kievat near their husbands. Level and flow regime bottom Syni depend on the level of the Ob River, which backs it up to Ovgorta. In the lower reaches Syni many litters, and low submerged islands, muddy water, mixed with the Ob. Above the village Yamgort, which ranges in cedar on the high left bank, look Syni change: the water becomes lighter, both banks are high, close to the river on both sides of creeping thick taiga. On the shores there are pebbles and large rocks - from the Urals. But only the stones and clear water give the place of birth Syni, and she still does not detect its mountainous nature, and as calm stretches to the village Tiltima - about 200 km from the mouth of Doe Tiltima reach small boats, and above it starts thresholds. The rapids on a spinning hits-Xia trout. In the most upstream Synya shallow, in line with many large stones. Forest of the Son is in its entirety: in the vicinity at the origins of larch, then spruce, birch, cedar, - but hardly recommend descent on her raft. Very much a slow flow in the middle and lower river. Impractical as chalk kayaking trip down the Son - in the summer its upper part Husbands are inaccessible, and dragged through the Urals (with Lemvy) is too large.

Ob great

The ducts present there tangled maze, in addition to all the changing from year to year and within one year depending on water levels. In this interweaving of the duct is sometimes a long time wandering not only fishing boats and motorboats, but experienced anglers on light boats. Obi Islands stretch for tens of kilometers. Here grow willow and sedges. In other years, pouring, Ob floods even the big island, and, departing, leaves on the ground thin layer of silt, which, like putty, does not pass to the seed light, air, and the grass does not germinate. High water flooding on the islands and the mouths of rivers flowing into the Ob, low meadows, forming a vast shallow lake - litters. In sors fatten the fish. With a recession of water in the first dry groove connecting the litters with the main ducts Obi, and shoals of fish, mostly young, are trapped. Rescue them from death in otshnurovaniyh sors, strip vodospusknyh ditches is charged with the duty of all collective farms to conclude contracts for the exploitation of fishing areas. In the overgrown grass sors nesting ducks. By autumn they gather in the ducts. But the main wealth Obi - fish. Here it dozens of species from different families: sturgeon, salmon, carp. Most numerous in number of species and have the greatest commercial value salmon, whitefish, inconnu, pyzhyan, Sokurov. Themselves have the same Ob fishermen in honor expiring fat "little soly" cheese. Is Obi, especially in the Ural tributaries - the North Sosva, Son, Voikar - and another great fish - tugun, or, in local, Sos'va herring.

Polar Urals

In the middle of last century in the northern Urals flew the first swallow - Expedition Hoffman. She went on the present territory of the district only for adult male Voikar and passes through the Urals, but the material collected by it in many ways changed the view of the eastern slopes of the Polar Urals. A particularly important result of research Hoffman was surveying and measuring the height of a number of corner vertices. Then the area was again a long forgotten and began attending individual travelers only at the beginning of XX century. Systematic and comprehensive study of the left bank of the adult male district began in 1925, here was sent an expedition under the leadership of BN Gorodkova. She has worked in the area between the Ob and the Polar Urals and completed a large program of geological, botanical and geodetic studies. In recent years the study region considerably intensified. Geologists working HA1 Son and Voikar, drilled wells in the hope to get to the oil Kunovat. Energy will be erected near the power station on the Ob Salekhard.

Voikar, son of the Urals

Summer Voikar - passing the path to the Ural Mountains. Near, but not simple, because unlike Syni Voikar - almost all over for real mountain river, with many shoals, with these thresholds. Most rapids area Voikar begins below the left of its tributary the Tan-yu and stretches about 50 miles, almost to the top of the village Voikar. Here, half a kilometer from the Tan-yu, is a threshold that at low water is dangerous, especially for heavy boats and rafts, as a passage for him is narrow and is sandwiched between two large stones. But in general it is quite pass as the rest of the thresholds Voikar. In the upper rapids Voikar less than the average flow. He is calm and the lower reaches, where the senses backwater from Obi. Like most of its major tributaries, Voikar ends temporary lake - litter. Sor this - a place foraging salmon, sturgeon fingerlings, - declared the reserve. Fishing is conducted only at the mouth of Voikar, where the short channel to it is connected with the Ob. Here, on the high left bank, stands the village of fishermen Khanty Ust-Voikar. In late summer, in Ust-Voikar can be seen as caught and salted herring Sos'va. Voykarsky litter is very shallow, its depth in the summer average about half a meter, and that's on the flooded meadow where a winding river. In windy weather, when, because of the waves can not see the stream flowing through the rubbish voykarskoy greenish water, it is difficult to hold a boat or a motorboat. We have to go "blueprint", ie, constantly Gaugeable depth of six and pick the channel.

By Braslav, druyke and Daugava

Beautiful, fast river Druyka, left tributary of the Daugava River, originates in the northeast corner of Drivyaty and flows through Belarus via the lake Tsno, Nespish and Iedrovo, which in combination with other lakes of the area to make a fascinating canoe trip with good fishing fishing (perch, pike, perch, even the Baltic eel) and dobychlivoy, in season, hunting for waterfowl and upland game. The route is interesting from the standpoint of proper orientation when navigating on lakes with overcoming the artificial and natural barriers to Druyke. On the shore Drivyaty operates tourist base, which can serve as a starting point for a hike. Here you can get advice on the route and to replenish food stocks in the campaign, products can be purchased in the city. The dominance of western and north-westerly winds a few difficult voyage in an open Reach all the lakes, but to avoid trouble should go in the early morning or evening hours. Forty-five minutes from the tourist center of the kayak in the river include Druyku. Shore it abundantly overgrown with reeds, over almost not noticeable. Another thirty minutes five forty-five way, and tourists get to the lake Tsno with very marshy shores. Places for parking here. In the northwest corner of the lake - flow into the next-Nespish and ... The first hurdle that must twine along the right bank. Further duct empties into the lake Nespish and allied - Voiso drifting to the northwest. The banks are high, covered with forests. Lots of good places for parking and fishing.

Circassian waterfall

At the twenty-third mile, where Gega takes Yupshara turquoise waters, and a new route. Leaving the road to Ritsu, turn left onto the bridge. The road, with a wag of a few times on the steep turns, goes up dramatically. Here the river affects the steepness of the fall. In the solid foam, forming in some places cascades, it rushes with a roar at the stone lodge their waters. The bed littered with giant boulders. After two or two and a half mile climb over, and the car goes into a flat valley with a paved road leading to logging. Another four kilometers, and you hear a strong noise. Following the path of a small hill and go into the light filled the area. With the steep limestone cliffs of the ten-horizontal slit, with a deafening noise of the mass of water falls. Halfway stream hits the brow, expanding and crashes down on tridtsatimetrovym fan. High-water stream falling from a height of about fifty meters, forms a powerful air wave. The foot of the waterfall and the nearest approach to it constitute a solid mass of rock debris. This pile was formed here as a result of the annual incidence in the spring of mighty avalanches, which is bringing down the slopes of debris of rocks. To the left of the waterfall formidable rock ledge overhangs, and deep beneath it are visible in the twilight of the niche and move. Randomly scattered huge stone blocks dressed age-old moss. Excursion to the waterfall at Gege can be combined with a trip to Lake Riza. On leaving the cars from Sochi (or Sukhumi) not later than six or seven o'clock in the morning of a summer day is enough, but infinitely more will experience if the trip to spend two days with an overnight stay at the lake.

Kunovat

The upper Kunovat summer you can get a travel expeditions working in the river basin, or boats Kunovatskogo fishery, which is sending its fishermen to fish in the area of ??the village Kunovat. Perhaps more interesting sightseeing tours with a portage from neighboring tributaries of the Ob River. However, these routes are going to water shortage headwaters of lowland rivers, trapped in a forest and related dragged on marshland, manageable only trained groups. Kunovat - a paradise for hunters. He is famous for its grouse - a cedar, the cranberry bogs in the pine forests. Grouse constantly fly into Kuno-vatskie towns and autumn fly on the sandy river bank. Kunovat known not only pine and grouse. Near the mouth of Kunovat very dobychlivaya fishing. In the mouth Kunovat can observe the life and working life of fishermen Khanty, who, unlike the Ob or synskih fishermen for most of the summer season are in one place at a summer camp. Khanty live here in tents of birch bark - their winter new log home located close to Lopharyah. Elm plague, despite the fact that the people in them were still living in ancient times - is still indispensable in the North summer homes. Their main advantage is that they are made of cheap local material and are collapsible, which is very convenient for frequent nomadic fishermen. Going to bark plague of individual bands, nyukov, which are made from pieces of bark, cooked in boiling water with ash and fat, and stitched in several layers. In the carriage of nukes falling into the pipe.

Izmail city of Russian glory

Princes of Kiev, strengthening the power of ancient powers, founded the city here Kievets (Kealia), and the ruins of a Roman fortress Smornis - Slavic settlement Smeal (as a thousand years ago called Ishmael). At the beginning of the XIII century. Tatar hordes Mongols devastated the Danubian lands, the Slavonic settlements Smeal and Renee, an increase in slavery, and killed many people. By the end of the XIII century. Territory was released from the Mongol-Tatar yoke, as in XV. Danubian lands came to the Turks. In 1538 , they seize Sinilom they are now called Smile. town Sinil Turks were called Ishmasl (which translates as "Hear, O God"), and then - and Ishmael. During the Russian-Turkish wars of the XVIII and XIX centuries. the city has repeatedly served as an arena hostilities between Russian and Turkish troops. linked with it a heroic page of military history of our country - the assault of the fortress by Russian soldiers under the command of Alexander Suvorov in 1790, Ishmael came to Russia in 1812, but in 1856 at the Paris Peace agreement with Fortress Southern Bessarabia was returned to Turkey. In 1877, Ismail was again annexed to Russia. In 1918 Boyar Romania occupied Bessarabia. Only in 1940, Ismail was a part of Ukraine. From a small backward town where they were developed handicraft enterprise, Ismail turned into a major socialist city-port. Jetties it stretched for several kilometers along the left bank of the Danube. Here e modern means of mechanization accept and loaded on ships ore and coal, machinery and machine tools.

Kealia

After the capture of Qilya Turks built a quadrangular castle with four bastions and five stone towers. The fortress was surrounded by a moat filled with water from the Danube. In the Russian-Turkish war in the late XVIII century. Kealia was besieged and captured by Russian troops. City Kealia located on both banks of the Danube. New Kealia is part of the USSR, and old (Kealia-century) is located in the RPR. Earlier in Qilya had a gymnasium, which studied children of merchants, officials, and cams, and three elementary schools. But was seventeen chapels and churches, twenty-four tavern. Studied children in Romanian, although the overall population were Ukrainians, and Russian. The city had a total of eight health care workers. The Soviet government gave the city a rebirth. Now in the twenty-six schools engaged in more than six thousand children. There forty-seven hospitals. Changing face of Qilya, which is converted into an industrial city.

Underwater trails

And that is done under its "roof"? Every tourist can swim, can look under the water and walk along the bottom of seas, lakes and rivers. Outfit for a first acquaintance with the underwater kingdom of simple and can be purchased at sporting goods stores. Rubber mask with an oval glass protects the eyes and allows you to see under water is as clear as on earth. A simple breathing tube, one end of which you hold in your mouth, and the other sticks in the water, allows hours of swimming, hanging face down and look at the bottom, without lifting his head for inspiration. The tube does not contain a reserve of air. If you want to dive, hold your breath, and rising to the surface, make a vigorous breath, "fyrkni" into the phone, and got there the water fountain will fly up. When diving at a depth of 2-3 m can feel the pain in my ears. To make this unpleasant sensation pro-passed, it is necessary, as saying the submarine, "blow the ears" - to make some swallowing movements or hold down the edge of the nose mask and inflate them. Air at the same time from the nasopharynx by the Eustachian tubes thin "to drive" in the cavity of the middle ear and equalizes pressure out there - the diver feels a pleasant clicking in the ears, after which the pain goes away. Fins, worn on the feet will help a long time to swim without tiring. Here, perhaps, and all the wisdom for the first underwater steps. Buoyancy man in a mask and fins so large that sufficient minimum effort to stay on the surface and hover over the bottom.

River valleys

Among the dozens of heights and hundreds of names on the map is not anything related to Kodari. And it is this ridge is untitled trehtysyachnik (peak 2999.8 meters) - the highest point total of Transbaikalia (meaning beneath vast mountainous territory itself Transbaikalia, Baikal and the Baikal-constable area by area equal to two of the Caucasus). This gap is easily explained: Kodar - new to science ridge, where most of the peaks, rivers, mountain passes can still wear the epithets "unnamed", "undiscovered", "not passed". But not the novelty of white spots, not the absolute height attracted here lately eyes of scientists: the relief Kodar geomorphologically young, it has a distinct alpine alpine character, that in continental Siberia rare and interesting. In Kodar "wild peaks, battlements and towers, sharp ridges, restless, often broken line profile, and in the surrounding mountain ranges, such as lying 100 km south-east Udokane - flat loach, gentle ridges, kurumnye field, monotonous, mountainous terraces . Originality relief Kodar largely due to the peculiarities of its geological history. At one time, tens of millions of years ago, in mezokaynozoe, ancient surface was broken here by powerful faults. The resulting large arrays (in a scientific way - blocking segments) have moved relative to each other vertically 1000-2000 m. The most high altitude was a block Kodar, who began intensive saw rivers, and then subjected to upland-lowland glaciation. "Altitude" contributed to a large ridge of snow accumulation and development of glaciers, reaches a length of 60-120 km, with the power of ice 400 - 600 m.

Taiga in Chara

Talking about the taiga, as something generally difficult. Mountainous terrain with different solar and rain exposure slopes, a variety of microclimate, soils and vegetation do not like taiga landscapes, not only at different altitudes, but in different valleys. For example, try to cross the Kodar taiga on the most likely route: the river Chara - Lake Oron. Height above sea level of 700-800 m. Lowland boggy larch. Rather, the "domino" of wetlands, and larch forests on sandy massifs. Sometimes, choking all vegetation, the sand forms a wasteland, sometimes long, but low (0,3-0,8 m) ridges, like dams, cuts through the marsh. Walking on a ridge, "cased" clean young larches, as the mall, then again vyaznesh ankle-deep in rusty cold slush. Unpleasant, tedious, but not dangerous: at the bottom of the swamp reliable - frost. Only occasionally come across sites with no sand and marshes. They hay, so necessary for chartsev, whose economy is kept to a certain extent on animal husbandry. Closer to the mountains the landscape changes dramatically. Individual ridges, covered with shrub forms of birch and willow grow in thirty or fifty meters elongated ridge of hills - the ancient moraines, forested lichen larch forests with an undergrowth of alder, birch and thickets of wild rosemary, and bilberry. Between the hills of the picturesque lake of up to half a kilometer. Where smaller and shore popolozhe, peresvistyvayutsya grouse. Increasingly come across granite boulders - gray and pink boulders, lightly covered with a touch of lichens.

Viper bite

First of all, let's see what dangerous to humans snakes occur in the middle lane. In the forest and forest steppe zones of European Union and Siberia pervasive adder. There are places where it is less common, but around the Serpukhov in the Kalinin region, Karelia, and several other areas of vipers a lot. This is a relatively small snake, its length does not exceed 80 cm, but the strength of its venom is so great that in some cases can lead to death of the victim. There are a number of external features that are common to all types of snakes: hastate head, thin neck, short tail, flattened body, cat's-eye pupil. But try, recognize on these grounds the snake when it crawls, and even in the grass ... But the black zigzag, or composed of diamonds strip that stretches from each adder along the back, you are not worried, probably notice. Only if the snake is almost black (a color of vipers is highly variable, ranging from light gray to black-brown), zigzag or diamonds on their backs, perhaps, is no different. You can even confuse it with the snake. However, the grass snake has on his head two bright-yellow or orange (rarely white) spots. Most likely to be adder brown. Often local people confuse it with the copperhead. This copperhead - a kind of snake, painted just as the name indicates, in brown. Zigzag on the back it does not, there are rows of dark spots, sometimes merging into strips. Copperhead - a rather vicious snake may bite, but it is not dangerous: poisonous glands and teeth, it does not.

Desert - Charskii sands

The Awakening comes from the feeling of falling and oppressive emptiness in my ears - the car goes іna landing. All the more rapid running towards an unexpected landscape: light-yellow sandy> specific surface, some stunted bushes, typical horny ridge dunes ... Desert? Perhaps the destination aerodrome has not taken the car, and the pilot brought it to Central Asia? Coming out of an airplane, you calm down - sturdy wooden construction with a double, triple glazed frames, dove edging coniferous forest on the horizon barren sand, tangled mass loaded with deer "Botalov (pogremka) on necks say it's Siberia. However, this can be guessed and not opening his eyes: wrists, neck and forehead are already feeling the itching and slight burning sensation. Familiar to all who visited at least once in the forest feeling - the midges! If we look carefully all around, then the majestic mountain walls, enclosing the valley, the facial features musher, cut and colors of his garments, fashion wear narrow knife on his belt and even the posture of deer, more slender than conventional reindeer can try to address more precisely: Mountain Yakutia, or somewhere nearby. It is. You are in the village of Char - Kodar center district of the Chita region - an area that lies at the junction of Yakutia, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk and Amur regions. Chara is in deep intermontane basin, one of a series of basins stretching among the rugged mountain taiga in the north-east of Lake Baikal. The climate of the basins did not softer than the surrounding mountains.

Travel routes to the forest rivers

But there are other ways - the old paths of Siberia, deep rivers, meandering trails taiga. Those who are not restricted to time who is not afraid of traffic troubles and wants to meet not only with Kodar and Charoy, but also with nature, cities, people much greater part of Siberia, a better way and not come up with. One of them starts in Romanovka, a large village gradually disappeared, connected by a highway with Chita. Each year during the period of flooding, usually falling in July, from Romanovka is karbasny rafting on average Vitim. Rafting tridtsatitonnom karbase, towed water-jet cutter, takes about a week and very instructive. On a separate descent without a pilot on a raft or kayak should not be addressed. On the first 120 km of river meets Gloom-brave few dozen shoals - "shi-Pisek and Shiver with a sloping and nut. And then the bear on the high rollers, swallow sneaky catches to the mouth of Bambuyki meet again fighting with stones Shiver, corridors cheeks, where the flow rate is about 20-25 miles per hour, and finally, the savage and Paramskim Delyun-Oronskim thresholds. From Vitim have two options out in Kodar. If karbasy reached only to Mui Ne, you will need to use a cheap local airline IUJ - Chara (distance 200 km). Do not be tempted shown on some maps on the road from Nelyat Chara. This road - the winter road. 30-40 years ago, when aviation was no way through the endless summer swamps of "road" has held up to three weeks. If it is possible to raft up Oron, it can be emptied by the local population on the motorboat to Sygykty, go for a week and a half into the center Kodar.

Additional instructions to the (adult male district)

Travels to the adult male in the area this terrible time necessary to take additional measures to strengthen the "komaronepronitsae-Most tents, and those who schedules stop for the night in the settlements - stock up on the canopy. Wildlife, especially waterfowl, in adult male near enough, but hunting season begins only in late August. Probability of encountering a bear, which a lot of the Son and the Kunovat. Fish can be caught all year round, anywhere. However, not all the common ways of amateur fishing is good everywhere. On the Ob, for example, a spinning catch bad - very cloudy water. But well caught schuryata - off the coast of the short rod on a piece of intestine same schuryat. And gay people skewer even a cigarette butt. The result is approximately the same: dozens schuryat per hour. Large expanse of amateur fishing "and spinning is provided to the Son, and Voikar - it takes a trout. Catch the best in the big and heavy yellow spinner. In the very upper reaches of mountain rivers "and the artificial fly and insects is well caught grayling. Tourists who go on a journey that usually familiar with the route and the edge of the books. About Puryshkarskom area and the Polar Urals their written, unfortunately, very little. And so the two-volume work, "North Urals and the coastal ridge Pai-Khoi," which describes the expedition, E. Hoffmann, must-read is mandatory. And also the book BN Gorodkova Polar Urals in the upper reaches of the Sobey and Voikar.

Transportation Shuryshkarsky area

Despite the vast spaces and the sparseness of settlements Shuryshkarsky area in the summer of communication between them is good, especially during the thrust, until caught a limit on the Ob River. Of the men regularly in two or three days in a flight on the sands, scattered on the Ob, go small general stores. Among men, slides and Salekhard runs river tram. From Salekhard, about once a week, many kilometers in the way of adult male district sent a speedboat "Mobile", which comes on Synyu to Ovgorta. Schedule its flight, like the motion passing, shops, you can learn in advance, write off the relevant organizations in the men of (office communications rybkoopom). In addition to these regular vehicles are on the Ob and more numerous small motor boats that can be used to navigate through the waters area. Kaldanki can be recommended only for travel on relatively calm rivers, such as Kunovat, lower Synya. In no case can the tourists who have no experience in managing these nimble craft and sail them to more channels of the Ob River, litters and rapids areas Voikar and Syni. In winter, between all the major settlements of adult male district laid sleigh road. In remote villages, which are, for example, or in the upper Kunovat Syni lead deer road. Deer in winter in the area a lot (in summer they are on pasture east of the Urals). They can make any move, especially on the Ob River, where large open spaces, snow compacted by the wind.

Time for a hike (adult male district)

Fry in July and August under the scorching sun of the Altai and Kazakhstan, it is only a month brings warm water to the lower reaches. And they warm the surrounding area, "fending off" from her winter. How much heat the Ob water, feel the dip in the river by boat into the cool night: the wind hands quickly freeze, and to omit them overboard into the water - just walk away. In August and September nights over warm streams Obi formed a dense fog, forcing the ships anchor, and "exit" from the schedule. Giant "central heating", includes the summer on the Ob North noticeably affected his appearance - Forest River Schuchya go far beyond the Arctic Circle. In the west, they boldly climb the Urals, reaching to a height of 400-500 m. On the other side of the Urals - nothing like that. At this altitude there is not even a decent bush, and the northern border of the forest is a hundred kilometers to the south. But the main beneficial effect. The climate of the area has a high wall of the Polar Urals, which isolates the lower reaches of the Ob River to the north-westerly winds carrying cold and clouds, depriving the earth the sun. All of these natural features lead to the fact that summer in the area of ??adult male markedly delayed. The most successful time for summer trips so you need to take August and even (if the route does not cross the Urals), September. August here on the northern view, a very warm month. Even at the end of its average daily temperature reaches 20 °.

Directions to hydrological observations

Any place to stay for observation (the so-called station) must have a serial number. Numbering is from the station, where began the study of rivers. For the station selected places sharpest contraction and expansion of the valley and river, large natural barriers (waterfalls, rapids, big rapids, etc.) as well as downstream from the mouths of major rivers and tributaries investigated in the alleged waterworks. At each station produced sounding the width of the river, taking samples of soil DNA, a description of the valley and the river bed. Water consumption is determined in those cases where the surveyed river flows into a major tributary, and in places where the proposed construction of hydraulic structures. Place station, which is the definition of water flow must meet the following conditions: a) at the site of at least four to five times the width of the river, and the broad rivers - not less than the width of the river channel should be relatively straightforward, with relatively equal uniform width and depth, and b) channel, if possible, should be free of aquatic vegetation, IIlyvuschih chips, litter, and c) on the river above and below, especially stgptsii there should be no temporary man-made structures and obstacles (clusters of rafts, debris and wood etc.). Work on the station begins with determining its location. It must be stated on the map and in the diaries as well, so you can quickly find on the ground to those who need to visit it later. Therefore, the location of the station is usually linked to some prominent landmark, designating it in a field diary.

Rock crystal

But here the similarity ends. Take the right hand piece of glass, and left a piece of rock crystal. Ordinary glass is quickly heated, and rock crystal and remain cool. This feature of rock crystal known by the Romans. In their homes of the wealthy Romans kept large crystal balls, of which cool hand. Cold rock crystal bears no resemblance to the cold snow or ice. Rock crystal cools gentle, pleasant coolness. Its surface only a few degrees cooler ambient air, and therefore does not burn his cool in contrast to the ice. Why is this happening? Rock crystal is much better conductor of heat than glass. Therefore, the warmth of the hands quickly diverges around the stone and the glass is heated only by its surface. Not for nothing that the famous Roman naturalist Pliny - Senior wrote about the rock crystal: "from heaven, Noah moisture and pure white snow hrustali be born." But the famous Roman was a little wrong. Rock crystal - a transparent, clear crystal variety of quartz, of a mineral that is found in the grains of our sands, and a gray translucent stone of our granites, but is in a regular sharpening whetstone, and a colorful agate or yamshe. Clean and transparent crystals of rock crystal reach huge sizes, and samples of 15-20 kilos are not uncommon. On the island of Madagascar have found a rhinestone weighing half a ton. In Switzerland it is mined in large caves. Clean and transparent rock-crystal has long made it an excellent material for cutting or cooking seals and various trinkets.

Pearl outgrowth of nacre, which arose under special conditions

The outer layer of the skin of the mollusc allocates nacre, which is deposited on the inner surface of the shell. If the sink gets a grain of sand or some inedible insect, they can stay there. Over time, around the foreign body, such as around the nucleus, begin to grow layers of a future Pearl. And, the longer is the pearl shell, the more it becomes. Find a pearl that has no place in a mollusk shell and pearl lost its pearl. In China, already in the 13 th century tried to withdraw artificial pearls. In the 18 century were known experiments of Linnaeus, who introduced various foreign bodies in the living mollusc shells. In China, and to date in the spring of collecting shells, they put various small articles made of bone, wood or metal and drop clams back into the water. After several years of catch basin and take out of them already finished pearl. But this low-quality pearls. Japanese researcher Kopihi Mikimoto early in this century set out to grow artificial pearls, which is the same quality as would be natural. In 1913, he managed to get the first such gem. Since then, Mikimoto has become the company to expand rapidly. In 1938, at Mikimoto employs 500 people. The Company now has been a process of growing shellfish themselves. When they grew up in the sink put balls of artificial nacre. Mikimoto was the first who taught the modern man to enjoy a living organism, so that with his help to raise the stone.

Pogryzennye aspen

Guess who nibbled a tree? If this question will seem easy, then hear the next story. Of the aspen, I went to a young pine plantation. Pine planted six years ago. They grew, and soon will be called a true pines. All summer I kept a tree, saw to it that no one broke the branches. When I approached them, then do not believe my eyes. Vershinka pine broken off, it hung on a narrow strip of bark and young twigs were crushed, as if someone stuffed them. First, I decided to, but then drew attention to the twigs eaten. I looked at all the landing and found a few broken off tops. Became clear to me who hurt pine. I went to the foresters to communicate bad news and decide how to save young planting of robbers. When the swallows nestlings grew, I noticed that a village of fewer of these agile birds. By September the swallows disappeared altogether. I thought they flew south, I was even offended: as they flew away, not easy! Suddenly, in early October in the village, I saw swallows. They sat on the wires and something chirped - conversing. Swallows a few days to hunt the remaining insects were sleeping under the roofs of houses and then flew to the south. Here are the swallows attentive bird. Ashes thrown off the summer armor. But the crown of their barren and utterly not visible: the branches are hung with necklaces of fruit. But as outdoorsy birch! Belostvolnye groves through, resting his bare tops in a dull autumn sky. Like the strong oak, and he succumbed to the dashing October: resets the rusty leaves, interspersed with heavy acorns.

Properties and classification of gemstone jewelry

The hardness of the stone - is the ability to resist external mechanical stress (cutting, scratching). The definition of rock hardness plays an important role. The most convenient way to determine the hardness of minerals is the definition of Mohs. Minerals are in it to increase their hardness. For comparison with the benchmark ten minerals in the scale are some of the metals and other materials: 1 - talc - corresponds to the hardness of the graphite and lead, 2 - Plaster - corresponds to the hardness of the nail, gold, tin, aluminum, 3 - calcite - corresponds to the hardness of copper, silver, 4 - fluorite - corresponds to the hardness of platinum, zinc, iron, phosphor bronze, 5 - apatite - corresponds to the hardness of glass, nickel, mild steel hardened, 6 - orthoclase, 7 - quartz - corresponds to the hardness of hardened tool steel - file holder, osmium, 8 - Topaz; 9 - corundum; 10 - Diamond. Stained stone plays a significant role in his assessment. Getting acquainted with the stone, it is necessary to clearly discern color, tint, hue and color intensity. Colored minerals can be divided into two types. In one of the color of the stone is constant and does not depend on impurities, and from the chemical composition of the mineral. Such a coloring is called idiohromaticheskoy. It is inherent in the mostly opaque colored stones - lapis lazuli, hematite, malachite, etc. Another type of color to the presence of a chemical compound of a dye - an element able to give coloring minerals - called allohromaticheskoy.

Is there water in the hot sand?

First, we drove along the road. It was asphalt and not not even cobblestone pavement. It was the sand. Up - on the dune and down - with the dune. Under the wheels with the gnashing of teeth cracked and crumbled dry, half-rotten Haloxylon. High kicking up his hind legs, skedaddle gophers. With the space velocity disappeared gray lizards. In the depths of the sky. motionless, as if nailed, hung an eagle. On any map of Turkmenistan in the heart of the Karakum specified locality Kazi. There is not a permanent resident. Not one! Thousands flock of sheep crowded around the two wells. Sheep bleated, running from well to well, climbed on each other, stepping on his feet, muzzle to the eyes dipped in cold murky water. Beside the shed were two dromedary, with contempt watching sheep pandemonium. Wells in shallow Kazi - three meters. The walls are lined with wooden block of wood. Top there is no superstructure - just framed by four logs hatch. Durdy Mamedov, with bloodshot eyes from the desert winds, peeling of bright red skin on the face, was standing over the manhole well, his legs wide apart. Strong, sinewy hands, he lowered a bucket into the well, scoop water, pulled out and poured into a long wooden trough. Water enters the sheep's eyes, ears. Sheep violently shook his head, snorted, but it seems to have been very torrid South-Eastern deserts. Cormorants in the middle of the desert? That cormorants - objected katerschik Nikoliuk. - Here are all now have. And the seagulls are, and thirty pounds of catfish and carp, and even sturgeon.

Coral - a hardened marine plants.

Most of the coral has a smooth surface. But among them there are those on which, if properly considered, according to length, there are subtle grooves. They resemble the wrinkles that are present on the inner surface of the fingertip. In the center they are in the form of elongated concentric circles. Then there are the grooves coming from both sides of the coral. They form a sort of triangle, curved in the shape of a bow. There is also the white coral - the lowest grade of this mineral. He is a little thicker and coarser than the red, has no dents, like the traces of smallpox. It has a yellowish tint. In our time, scientists have identified as sea coral stone, consisting of calcium carbonate of iron oxide and organic matter. At sea corals are found in white, pink, red and other colors. The most prized pink coral They are not transparent and less brittle than the amber and pearls. Of coral make various ornaments and jewelry.

White Forest

At this point you go slowly, trying to guess, to notice what has changed around since that last visit. And only in Marfin ravine where can be seen already tops of the poplars, shot up above the village, again accelerates the move. Because the familiar trail promises a lot of interesting meetings, and among them one, home. I remember clearly the morning of the postwar years, the autumn overcast, znobkoe. Crunches under the wheels of carts matte crust of ice puddles, leisurely float over the huts of gray, pale yellow burn mark in the clouds. I mentally hup: "Hurry, hurry to wolf Zaymishche!" Ahead, leaving the straw on the reins, sat my grandfather, Michael and for some reason not in a hurry. That he Zaymishche Wolf - Forest wilderness, about which we, malyshne, so much of talk of all the terrible stuff! Before descending to the river's grandfather still prihlestnul horse, and once in the cart something began to rattle and creaked, and the first rut so shaken - just hold on. We pass a red aspen. Again shaking, stubble and the road that goes steeply toward the horizon, where the gold strip coveted Zaymishche. Lie down, will not soon again. - Santa stopped the horse, peretryahnul in the cart and straw, to the eyes hiding my jacket, said: "Fear not, wake up, how come". I woke up from silence. Grandfather, tightening the girth, softly muttering his horse, and then easily lifted me out of the cart. Where are we? Not visible lumen in the tricky intertwining of the branches of the aspens and birches, over which the green tops of tall pine trees.

Observations on the river

So get a big role to monitor their lives tourist-local lore. Their accumulated material may have a scientific and practical value in accelerating the development of rivers. These tourists will contribute to the implementation of the great program of building the material-technical base of communism, scheduled XXII Congress of the CPSU. But for such work requires careful preparation. First of all, the regional need to contact the nearest organization of the Office of hydrometeorological service, research and local history institution or economic organization, where they will receive specific assignments for the study of a river, the necessary consultations, a number of general information about upcoming area of ??hydrological observations. Then follows up a detailed work plan and give it to the organization, on the instructions of which the tourist group goes on a campaign.

Emeralds - dark green, or rather deep-green.

It's easier than any stone, identical with an emerald the size. Stained Emerald can not stand the fire, and he turns into a lime. One of the largest emeralds found weighed about fifteen carats. (1 ct = 2hYu ~ 4 kg). There is evidence that in ancient times, emeralds were brought to India with Indian dinars. Emerald them came from Egypt in the form of inserts in the rings. It is usually hidden in the nest floor coral or malachite. One of the chief of Indian princes, contemporaries saw a very large emerald. One day, Mutasa, so called nobleman, was sitting at a banquet with his retinue. Before them lay "... Rod of the emerald in the length of the elbow." One of the ancient rulers of Egypt have seen similar emerald wand. When he "... went out riding on a public holiday, on his turban were attached diagonally three big beautiful pearl, and in his hands he held an emerald green rod length about the elbow, and the thickness of a finger. At one end of it - where the attached whip, had three beautiful pearl. " According to the stories of a traveler in ancient Egypt, one of its cities, there is a building, which the Greeks called "House of Wisdom." This is one of the temples in the city. The building has the length was fifty four and wide thirty-four elbow: the walls of his round and is divided into three zones. At the top are depicted trees. They are cut from emeralds. On average, depict animals, and at the bottom - carved figures of men. And about every figure there are mysterious signs.

Ballet on the water

Looked in the overgrown reeds beach - do not miss the boat would be a gentle entry into the Minor Biryuchku. But a dark glade in the bush. Target to her, and raked in more oars. For a long time for supper, then sat down on the bottom of the boat and cover up to his chin jacket. The moon has gone downhill. Beneath her glittering rushes braced night dew. Well under the jacket to listen to night noises. That pokryahtit sleepy frog plyuhnetsya into the water, pisknet in the bush-hen, then prozhuzhzhit overhead dor - a sure sign of a good, stable weather - and again no sound. Close your eyes and immediately see how the ripples beneath a moon, as quietly dropped from the shore ducks, and everything is sinking, sinking in the soft and warm mist ... ... A short wild scream. Tremble and my eyes open: lower me slowly and it is important to flying heron. The moon was somewhere behind the reeds. Star in the east have become brighter, especially brightly lit Venus and all the flashing, blinking, like a candle in the wind - to go out and look. Absolutely no wind, and the tops of the reeds whispered, slightly bent, and again subsided. From the east pulled cool. The sky is a bit lighter, it becomes pale turquoise. Water near the shore flushed as though she warmed up from the bottom in huge bonfires to light the cherry glow. Seems to throw a log in it - will be on. Of me flying herd teal. I'm staring at the blazing gulf and did not have time to throw up a gun. Over the next zasadkoy appears drake.

"Stone goat»

Ends with "kid rock" in the middle of the green stem, which replaces his heart, existing in the fruit. This rod serves as the basis for layers and proves that they are one above the other: their color intermediate between black and green. If you make a powder from this stone, then the milk, he gets red. Quarried the stone from the innards of mountain goats. This is a very rare stone. According to the Persians, the mountain goats devouring snakes, and then they eat fresh grass. As a result of all these substances were gathering in his stomach and turned into a stone. They all believed that this is the best antidote against snake bites. Bitten place after the bite, it was necessary to rub the stone with a mixture of dill water. After that, the pain should disappear immediately. "The stone goat" was kept in the royal treasury, paid for it a lot of money. For it was given to pay more than the gems of the same size. Most of the stone was mined in India and from there transported to other countries. Stumbling goat was treated in antiquity, and many diseases.

On the Ob River

If even a cursory look map of the area, moving eyes from northwest to southeast, it is easy to see four distinctive landscape zones. First-eastern slopes of the Urals and the Ural Small, independent array of stretch in the upper reaches of the river Voikar. The second - a hilly plain between the Ob and the Urals, intumescent suddenly in front of the Ob high (above 300 m) mountains, the so-called Mukhina Urals. Third - Ob. Its tributaries, abundant in early summer and then dry, low purple willow-covered islands and hills, covered with cedar - pugory. Fourth - the right bank of the Ob River, a marshy plain, with narrow strips of taiga along the rivers. It is difficult to foresee a trip on any of these areas will be most interesting, but looking at a dense network of rivers, covering any of them, we can say with confidence: hike (when it comes to summer) should be water or, if you pass through the Urals, the combined . It is also easy to establish that started anywhere Shuryshkarsky area route has to be associated with one of the main tributaries of the Ob River. Headwaters of two of them, and Syni Voikar, closely agree with each other, so there may be circular routes to portage from one basin to another. Winter hiking, not counting the complex passes through the Urals, and naturally fit into the curves of the main water arteries - on their shores are towns, rivers are the winter road. Thus, Ob Synya, Kunovat and Voikar - these are the backbone, to which must be tied all the routes.

Geese in the belfry

We know that chicks, just hatched from an egg, leave the nest with their parents. Residents Grehemstauna puzzled over how inexperienced descend from this height. But the seven chicks immediately jumped from the tower and remained unharmed.

Dybka

Normal dybki color green, but sometimes seen on the sides of pink and white pestrinki. In dybki three pairs legs. Rear too thin, so she could jump in the manner of the grasshopper or locust. Production dybka keeps other Do you know what happened to this tree and how it was mutilated? Maybe some fabulous giant tore his trunk strip the bark from the roots to the very top? No! Just this terrible wound on the trunk - the result of a monstrous force of lightning that hit a tree with four legs, which have thorns. Interesting insect dybka. Her gait is a bit like gait of a chameleon. Throwing the front foot, staying in one place, it swings up until legs do not catch hold of any grass. This makes the pace dybki slow, stately, and even fun, like a robot. However, if necessary, dybka may jump at the twenty centimeters. In September, the insect lays the ground about twenty eggs brown, up to ten millimeters. After this dybka dies. Favorite treat dybki - locusts. Hidden in the grass, where it is almost invisible, dybka slowly stalks its prey, jumping and compresses the insect forelegs. Once dybka attacked a lizard. Young lizard was twenty centimeters in length, however, do not hesitate to dybka rushed at her and with one click of their powerful jaws bitten off her head. For an hour she had swallowed a lizard, and yet she weighed much more than an insect. However, more often dybka itself becomes a victim of big lizards.

Why in Australia there is no water?

How to irrigate the land? What if ... If the "pumped" chunks of Antarctic ice in Australia? This original draft of the ice of Antarctica suggested that the English scientist AP Pedrick. In the opinion of the scientist, blocks of ice can be "transported" from Antarctica to Australia via a pipeline laid at a depth of forty-five meters beneath the surface of the Indian Ocean. At this depth, the pipeline does not become an obstacle to navigation. Diameter pipes scientist offers no less than three meters. And the pipeline itself may consist of one, two, three threads, connected by a bundle. Pipeline length - 4500 km. But what about the block of ice will float on such "ldoprovodu? Scientist proposes to push the ice through the pipes with compressed air. According to one thread for the year will be transported to Australia so much water that it will be enough to irrigate 400,000 hectares of land. Although this project looks fantastic, it was approved by many experts. Believe that there are real opportunities for its implementation. The economic effect it is huge. Does not that extraordinarily ambitious project, a fantasy? And I would like to invite everyone who loves to argue, to dream, to fantasize, to send to the Club Why Why their most incredibly fantastic projects. To dream and fantasize about the sea, mountains and forests. And of course, about the cosmos! And now let me and I remember a story that once happened to me. Already getting dark when I'm extremely tired, barely holding onto the saddle, returned home.

Geese precursors

At night, the owner drove them into the barn, the attic which I have slept in the hay. Once, the woods were on the easel, I climbed to the hayloft in the late evening and immediately fell asleep. But not slept, I seem to be three hours, when suddenly awakened by strange sounds. They rushed out of the barn and were so unfortunate and sad that I was not myself. I abruptly jumped out of bed, much rustling of hay. Listened. The sounds are gone. "Imagined, or what?" - I thought and wanted to lie down again, when again he heard the same sounds, disturbing and sad. It seemed as if the shed was someone very sick and called for help. I have carefully sought out in the dark staircase leading into the barn, and began to descend on it quietly. The sounds continued. But in Mr. beneath my feet softly creaked step, and the sound suddenly broke off. Standing on the floor, I lit a match and lit barn. Light pulled out of the darkness the white pieces geese. Birds do not sleep. Craning his neck upward and cocked their heads, they huddled in the corner to something disturbing listen. To me they did not pay any attention. Probably something more important bothered them at this moment. In that strange sounds theirs, I do not doubt, because in a barn, except geese, nobody was there. But what made them both cry, or rather - to cry? Or, maybe not that, but who? I looked at all the corners and cracks in the barn, but no one was found. In the barn could not get even a mouse. Maybe to the barn approached the fox, the eternal enemy of geese?

Yaman-Tau frowns

The station lies in a mountain bowl. This approach most wild and high ranges of the Southern Urals - Zigalga, Nara, Mashak. Here, the watershed, hence the running streams and rivers into the Volga, Ural, Ob. At the railway station live and hunters. Beat the squirrels, martens, foxes and hares, catch moles. One of them was bald, but strong and agile, boasted to us that the fall took the bear in a kilometer from the village. Hit in the head, but the "boss" rushed at him. Hunter threw up his hat. The bear stood up on his hind legs to grab her, but the hunter ripped his stomach with a knife. From Dvoynyshey climbed Big Shelom (1426 m). "Shelom" - means a helmet. We seemed as if climbed on the cap of the Urals-hero, who rooted to the ground and guarded wealth edge, arms outstretched from the Kara Sea to the Caspian Sea. Wildlife painting - top Shlomo. Clouds of sea waves attacked the hill. The sound of their rustling and noise. If there is a coven, he is here. On bare, with the stony slopes of the snow stuck somewhere sickly spruce, gnawed by frost, storms. Barely stay on his feet. Ten meters is not seen nothing. For orientation stuck twigs. The only non-secure place on the face - forehead - was covered with ice. Eyelash regedit. With Solomon visible in clear weather and lake Zauralye, and Bashkir steppes, and Jurmala. And we have not seen even the Yaman-Tau, which is ten times closer. Waded through the clouds, and below the heat. Peacefully and gently swirling white flies.

Eight months of winter here, the four - the rains

We were confident that the mountain - a pole of rain. In Colchis, the average annual rainfall of 2800 mm, and in the southern Urals, only 1200 mm. But here eight months of winter, but four - the rain. To "extreme rainfall" two o'clock we were sitting under a rock, hiding from the soul, which we have. met the owners of "Mount Olympus". Reassuring is that we are not the first, marking the ascent of Iremel so original. In Iremel put into his power some trails. She put on the Tyulyuk. We stopped at the palace, which, incidentally, played a modest role villagers smolokurni. Only on the fourth morning sailed across the sky pieces azure and the sun began to warm tongue licking wet forests. We rejoiced - in a way. We had to force the already ingrained in the liver Juruzan. River still does not justify the name "Quick." A peaceful and stately, she was frowning in the backwaters, laughed in the shallows. Sun cast into it a handful of lights. But as soon as we enter into it, as had to rely on the forelimbs. Juruzan showed her stubborn temper. Five of them, holding hands, we can hardly reach the opposite shore. For Petropavlivka Taiga trail their way along the ridge Bitch. Clearings turning rosy willow-herb. Under his feet flashed a dark blue flowers of the field of geranium, oily golden cup of night blindness. How come across flowers, herbs, with funny and mysterious names: Kukushkin, linen, wolf ears, black button of the two leaves - crow's eyes, hare panicles of oats.

Pink life

The wind carried it on the asphalt ground winds, surf Penile the walls. In those days, poplar blizzards, we continued the "Odyssey" 55 th parallel. With us was not just Andrew. I led the group. Building Superintendent - again George. Vick has remained a nurse. Victor does not change. Ed, too. Sasha turned into fishermen: rods weigh less than a gun, and hunting season opens in August. Summer - not winter - to the conclusion reached by Ed, take a bath in Juruzan. - Now I'm convinced that the need to travel only in the summer. Campaign - a maximum of pleasure, but remember cold nights, my heart freezes. Beginning of the summer season, in fact, succeeded. From the station Kropacheva bus reached Maloyaza, and hence close to Yangan Tau. Very nice place. The river, wild strawberries - a complete field. There are almost no mosquitoes. What else can dream of a tourist? Yangan Tau - a distinguished mountain. Over cracks in the slopes of the swirls the hot steam. Does not grow any grass. Bashkirs believed that people here blew fire on the ground. Riddle Burning Mountain is not solved. There are only hypotheses. Some explain the "burning" the transition of iron salts of nitrous oxide in salt - hydrothermal reaction with heat, while others - combustion of oil shale, the third - the rise of superheated water vapor from the deepest layers of the earth. The stones here smells of kerosene. Maybe oil under a mountain? That "whatever happens at the bottom, is being treated for rheumatism.

SNOW virgin

Not far from the city of mined rock phosphate and gypsum. The first kilometers were observed with great difficulty. It is unusual to feel heavier than "a third of its weight. In front of me crawling, kept landing, a huge backpack, it was crowned our "billy" - dvenadtsatilitrovoe bucket, sweatshirt and boots. It moved Vic. To her we entrust our health. First suggested as a nurse to elect Ed. He sported Latin proverbs. But it turned out that Ed vyzubril them from the "Concise Dictionary of Foreign Words" and confuses the purpose of the blizzard, and aspirin. Vika still a woman's heart, only one in our group. The first descent we learned something. It was found that to be able to fall - a great art. Fall to one side, worse on his back. Then you need to rent a backpack, or do not go up. Sometimes you have to fall on sharp curves and slopes. The first in this convinced Sasha. Because of his broken skis stopped in the village Gremyachy. Soon a small stove fire splashed school. The next day popiskivali ski, travel around the car is expensive. Often had to turn off the sidelines, passing roaring timber trucks loaded with pine whips. So until dry Athi. In the village - forty houses and a shop on the river - a cave. She reaches down very deep. In its twelve halls, maybe more - deeper into the seventh one did not descend. On the twelfth heard from "old people". To "old people" is the most popular link among local residents. Especially when it comes to something unusual.

History of Spain

After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the V century AD. Peninsula invaded German tribes - the Vandals, Visigoths, and Franks Sueves. In the VIII century AD. first detachments of the Arabs and Berbers (who later gave a common name - the Moors), led by commander Tariq Ibn Zinda invaded the peninsula through the strait later named Gibraltar, that is Tariq's mountain. The defeat, the Arabs kept her under his rule for eight centuries. During this period, Spain became the richest and most prosperous country in Europe. It should be noted, however, that for nearly eight hundred years of Arab rule in Spain emerged a multitude of small States that have retained autonomy in the Middle Ages. During the Reconquista - the war of liberation against Arab rule - have the Spanish kingdom of Aragon and Castile. In 1497 they merged, and from this time began the creation of the modern Spanish state, resulting in most of the independent States in the Iberian Peninsula has lost, not without fierce resistance from their side, their independence. In a period of great geographical discoveries of Spain took control of vast areas of North, Central and South America, as well as large tracts of land in Asia and Africa, and the beginning of the XVI century. there was Spanish colonial empire - the most powerful state at that time. But after fifty years, Spain began to lose its power. In the wars with England, it suffered a crushing defeat and lost control of the sea. In the XVIII century.

Relief of Spain

As long as there were no modern means of transportation, to move from one area of ??the country to another was difficult. Furthermore, it was difficult communication with Europe. In those days, maritime transport has played a significant role, both for commerce and for military operations, but traders and the troops often had to use mountain passes, despite the fact that this way was less convenient and safe.

The holy cave

Many people in orange Nagol'na sheepskins. Blue-eyed Russian faces. Not far from the village - Ignatovskaya cave. Believers consider the cave sacred place. Lived there at one time the elder Ignat. He died, and the corpse of death was not touched (assume saturated with lime water). So showed up St. Ignatius. In the patron saint celebrations in the cave served as a prayer service. Hung in her icon, standing boiler with "holy water" - "tears of an old man" - and a stone cross on the grave of the hermit (he is buried in the cave). The lobby is decorated with magnificent caves than in the dry Ata. Seems to walk into the chamber of the "Mistress of Copper Mountain." On the ceiling of a huge diamond flowers - giant ice crystals. Beautiful I saw nothing. Fragile flowers from a fairy tale, they are not sorvesh not unesesh - they fall apart, just tronesh in icy dust. The cave is suitable for habitation. It does not need to crawl on your stomach - you walk with head erect. Dry, soft carpet of dust. Year-round, plus nine degrees. Only on the second floor, where the climb up the log, vlazhyo. No cross, no icons are not seen, everything is possible concealed collapse. But surely there someone lived. Lay poluistlevshie logs, painted boards and bricks. In the evening, danced in a local village club. Some special mood sadly, when Will you come unexpectedly to the tune of a waltz, and you know that tomorrow you will not be here. I was a little bit in love with how you can fall in love with a waltz, in the evening.

Poor Mountain smiling at us

Over the sparse grass barely rose dwarf birch, juniper, elfin, twisted trunks of the consumptive oil. At the top of the March-piercing wind forced to forget that it's summer. Among the gems here and there blue in puddles, and snow was white, the remainder of the winter, hiding fluffy white anemones, bright in heaven, me-nots. In the empty bottles from the yogurt was a library of notes. All who wrote them, they found fault Yaman-Tau for inhospitality - in January, she met Buran - in summer thunderstorms. They are terrible. We smiled Poor Mountain, but what was this grim smile. Having made the formalities relied upon ascent, we retreated to the tundra, as froze solid through and through. The sun slid down the western slope and along the eastern already climbed the twilight. On a ridge with Mashak Yaman-Tau wade through windbreaks and grass jungle. Grass and a half of growth. Sorrel, chemerika. At Mashake Bashkirs grazed young, thousands of animals each. Herders - the people friendly. Regaled us with tea. They are not afraid to spoil the complexion. Welding as much water. In decoction lowered the salt and butter. Love tea very much. Tea is - the power is, no tea - not force - urged us legged Bashkir. Leg he lost on the Kursk Bulge. Here, the cook. Very talkative little man. Began to talk about his injury, but finished a legend. Quite a long time it was. Prikochevali Bashkirs here, where the sun rises. Chased the enemies behind them. Master of the mountains was great Poloz. The serpent and the head and hands in a human.

Ural Mountains, here mine

The ore is mined by opencast methods. Two centuries, as the scalp with Sulei. Shovels, picks, shovels and now Kolupaev people of the mountain. Previously the ore were taken at Kata-Ivanovo foundry-mechanical plant in the winter, on horseback. Summer because of the rains did not pass. Now the horses have replaced trains. Year by year, the ore being taken away more and more. Before the revolution, two and a half thousand tons produced per year, and now - two or three hours. How much more iron around the tank! And how much of it in the Urals! How many minerals! They lie beneath every mountain. High-quality bauxite in the area Katav-Ivanovo and elms. Magnesite reserves of global significance in Satka, directly beneath the plant. Layers thick vesmidesyati meters. Coal around Chelyabinsk. Cement mineral - marl - in Katav-Ivanovo, Heman-Szelinski. Marble in Medvedivka and near Chelyabinsk. Deposits of jasper - a wonderful ornamental stone, petrified fairy tale nature of all the colors from green to cherry-stretched over five hundred kilometers from Miassa to the south. "No area of ??the Earth, except Madagascar, can not compare to the Urals in diversity and richness of precious stones" - wrote Fersman. If bazhovsky goat, "Silver Hoof", "where topnet - there trail gems, rode along the forest dales and ridges. Strange, unnatural, such a wealth of the region. That is why so many legends, tales of flying around every mountain. Science brings us back to the childhood of the Earth.

Zyuratkul hides the shore

Zyuratkul - Grave-lake. Rare to find a better name. Gloomy spruce, fir ruffled the water. Damp. The snow melted just a month ago, in September, has already rolled over. During June and July are given only three sunny days. A total of fifteen kilometers to the bottom (the lake raised to 800 m above sea level) on the bright meadows scattered pines. Lopochut smiling birch trees - a real country "birch calico. Closest to the lake village of Kazan seemed deserted. Satka to the nearest town about forty miles. Clustered around its forests da swamp! With the world connects, only one road on which the rain can get on the tractor. In the mountains Kopanky, the highest point of the ridge Urenga that bore down on the cauldron with the east, saw poluzasypannye ditches, overgrown with brambles and thistle. It crossed the Urals Yemelyan Pugachev. Mills gave him a gun and sharp-witted assistants. The army moved on Satka continue to Kazan. Pugachev chopped Kazan path. Now it is overgrown. Probably, the village is called Kazan because lying on the road to Kazan.

Platinum - hard, refractory grayish-white metal

This was the platinum - severe, refractory grayish-white metal, very malleable, ductile enough. Platinum is much greater than the hardness of gold and silver. Platinum was mainly in dentistry - the printing fonts, crowns, fillings and false teeth. With the death of a man, this platinum fell into the grave, and for many years, disappeared from use of mankind. At the same time practical Americans even wanted to enter the law that the platinum was removed from the teeth deceased before the funeral. Platinum have done and are doing now jewelry. In the last century in South America discovered large deposits of platinum. Commencement of a regular "fever" seekers of happiness and wealth. Joint-stock companies, banks invest in new deposits huge amounts of money. Field stretched almost from the Cape of Good Hope to Northern Rhodesia. South African geologists tell us about the whole platinum belt, which stretches across America. It starts with this belt on the south coast and ends at the headwaters of the Nile. Somewhere in the depths of the Earth simmer for thousands and millions of tons of this metal.

Emerald Coast

Case for the night, the passengers begin to-worry. Leaf booklet with a list of hotels are increasingly looking at his watch. And very few people truly admires the splendid view: the fortress of Saint-Malo in orange light of the setting sun and stretched before us on the Emerald Coast Dinard, where over the lush dark greens like a floating tourist hotel, countless shining glass windows and verandahs. Emerald Coast and really caresses the eyes green. Maybe because he turned to the north. The terrain is relatively low, indented coastline and numerous bays suitable for swimming made the northeast corner of Brittany, a favorite of tourists, the British. This region is difficult to find its own characteristics, most likely it is a cross between Norman and Breton landscape. Genuine Brittany begins farther to the west, which juts into the Atlantic Ocean like a wrinkly dragon's head. Wild rocky coast conceals many nooks - winding bays, bordered by a gray-yellow cliffs, under which rattles pebbles. In this part of Brittany, called Finistere that the sea is always bustling, wrapped in foam. Almost all year round thick wet fog envelops reefs everywhere the voices REVUNOV. Suddenly the wind relates fog and you see the sunny green landscape. If cubes are on level ground at home, slowly dries swampy shore. Under the canopy of trees tortured by the wind sheltered little grotesque churches. In the harbor - a chaotic cluster of fishing boats. . They are often painted bright ultramarine, the masts hung a mourning veil network.

Silver - white metal, moonlight color.

Silver - white metal, moonlight color. He is very malleable, plastic, malleable. For softness and advantages of silver jewelry worth between gold and copper. Even in ancient Egypt and China this metal enjoyed great popularity among the jewelers. Of silver made jewelry, hammered coins, used it to manufacture mirrors. Even then people knew that the water poured into a silver vessel may be a few months and not protuhnet. Silver began to produce more in the third millennium BC in Asia Minor. In the first millennium BC, began a large-scale development of silver in Greece. In the mid-century, were discovered silver mines in Spain, Bohemia, and Transylvania in the 16-18 centuries Center serebrodobychi moved to Mexico, Bolivia and Peru. Silver is extremely rare in pure form. Al-Biruni mentions the nuggets the size of a recumbent camel. Two nuggets of about this magnitude have been found in Asia Minor in the second millennium BC. One of the rulers of ancient Egypt, for oiisaniyu who lived at the time of the chronicler, knew a special way of extending human life. He knew the way to the transition of the human soul from one body to another. All this had to happen in a huge silver vessel. Pharaoh ordered his servants after his death, cut into pieces the body of the deceased and the body of a young boy. Part of the two corpses lay in a silver vessel and leave uncovered. After two weeks of it should go a little boy. Under the will of Pharaoh, this boy should take the throne and ruled Egypt.

Saint-Gvenole

After the meal we sit down to talk with him about this and that. You know, monsieur, who I just was not ... Held important positions in the military police, was a deputy and, behold, an old Parisian, found myself here ... He has hard. Fierce competition: the canning factories Morocco wages are much lower, Moroccan sardines filled the French market. Cannery does not release him now: he always smells slightly of fish. I do not know, determines whether the appearance of a person's interests or the same medium converts the external features, but it definitely is something fishy. ... Locals rybachat mostly artels. Have a common vessel, each with his share of work. Cooperative division was reflected in municipal affairs - no wonder the municipal council of Saint-Gvenole headed Communists. However, there are among the fishermen and private entrepreneurs, many of them - the Parisian dealers. In the department of Finistere fishermen like to specialize: some villages only catch of lobsters and crayfish, other fish and shellfish. On a small stretch of coastline curlers, with seven marinas, home to four thousand fishermen who fished in the spring mackerel and tuna in the Bay of Biscay. Harbor Saint Gvenole - in fact, a wide berth, directly adjacent to homes. What a picturesque local fleet! Crudely put together the court outlines resemble skates. Housing blue, or blue, with scarlet and green stripes along the sides, which are beautifully reflected in a transparent, wrinkled by the wind water.

Caves, stalactites, stalagmites

In some cells flowing underground rivers or streams. There are underground cavities, where preserved lakes, pools of different sizes with standing water at the bottom of some caves. Cameras are very large or very small. In North America there is the famous Mammoth Cave. It consists of two hundred galleries with a total length of at least dvuhsotpyatidesyati kilometers. The largest has a height of thirty meters cave floor is usually littered with fragments of rock or covered with dust. The caves are often found bones of humans and animals that lived here thousands of years ago. Then people could not build houses and hiding from the cold and predators in the caves. Nowadays, the caves inhabited by bats, owls, owl and doves. Primitive man, who lived in caves, twisted remains of their bones and their animals, which he ate, the coals and ashes of their hearth, the remnants of stone and bone axes and knives. On the walls of many caves to this day preserved paintings and inscriptions. At the bottom of the ceiling and many caves you can find solid, petrified forms. They are composed of lime and precipitated from water that seeps through cracks in the ceiling. So little by little from the ceiling grows long icicles, called stalactites. From the floor, at the same time, growing another icicle, more broad and flat - a stalagmite. If the ceiling a lot of cracks, then it eventually grows a lot of stalactites. If you do not break off stalactites and stalagmites - they are in time, connecting with each other, form a solid brilliant column.

Gold, seize gold

In the history of our civilization had produced no more than 300 thousand tons of this metal. The search for gold are ever-increasing pace. Worldwide each year produces about one thousand five hundred tons of the precious metal. But nature is very carefully keeps his treasures. Gold is both rare and ubiquitous metal. Widely scattered it in various fields of nature in sea water four thousandths of a milligram of gold per cubic meter of water. And in all the oceans it contains about six million tons. Gold can be found in any fragment of granite. This beautiful metal has exceptional ability to pulverize, to give the smallest particles that are commensurate with the wavelength of light. Gold reserves, these particles at all, to what it touches. This is the only metal on the planet, which in its pure form has a nice bright yellow. When polished luster of gold even stronger. This is a very soft, malleable, ductile and malleable metal. From one gram of gold can be stretched into a wire of length three and a half kilometers, it can be raskovat so that it will transmit light. The thickness of the sheet should be no more than 0.0001 millimeter. Gold is considered the most precious metal of all metals, noble group. This metal does not oxidize in air even when heated. Gold does not change its properties in water, reacts with acids, alkalis and salts. Gold dissolves in aqua regia: a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid. Under the influence of chlorine at a temperature of 200 degrees Celsius converted into metallic gold and chlorine is highly soluble in water.

Blue Sea Web

From the south coast stretches almost completely straight. It is covered with sand mixed with fragments of shells, which are so dig into the sole. Tide leaves only a narrow strip bordering the clear water at low tide beach is wider than just by capturing part of the black-green hillocky bottom and the water appears cloudy. Here come the poor, collecting algae. From the reef to the sandy shore is directed by a long punt six broad, and in it - the mountains of seaweed. Though romantic picture, the artist wrote the end of the last century: the soft curves of gleaming waves, fishermen tucked into pants, striped shirts and sailor caps. Here, you will not hear a knock engines, only the breakers roar, the men silently endure the shore a heavy burden. Stocky Tolstonogov women are "catch" and wooden rakes scatter seaweed drying on gray-yellow sand. Department of Finistere alone can provide the whole of France with iodine. But algae are suitable for much. Already, they are used for fertilizer, as well as the manufacture of glass, soap, paper. Where the ends of white sandy beach begins fishing village of Le Gilvinek. It is bordered on two sides a natural pool, which at low tide completely free of water. You can promenade along the stairs down to the bottom and walk among their boats, or leaning to one side, or backed beams. From this village with its shops and warehouses, is seen as a solid gray facade, along with colorful boats reflected in puddles among the rusty chains and anchors, buoys and barrels.

Carved in stone

Many of them are known to be carved out of a stone or two or three large, which were then joined together. Motives are very diverse. Sometimes it randomly piled up figures, sometimes - harmonious distribution of the section. There are braided columns of figures, there are triptychs. But common to all these works is that they are made in stone and standing in the open air. "Ancestors" Culver had Meniere's - they, when Christianity came, began to decorate the images. Pagan joined the church and helped to create an entirely new kind of art. Culver often serve to illustrate the passion of Christ. Unlike many other samples of religious art Culver very individualized. Firstly, they were made by sculptors from the people, secondly, at every time in his own imagined costumes biblical history. Culver created over two hundred years, and, of course, each sculpture, each community tried to outdo each other. Most Culver - original works of art. Here is the direct figures in theatrical poses. emphasize the buttons and fabric density. Fat women on their knees, in prayer, behold Christ crucified on the cross. Broad-shouldered stocky soldiers, as if getting up in the stirrups, looking awkward horses in the greatest drama of biblical history. Composition intricate, complicated, like a maze, and sometimes not so easy to unravel the meaning. Wind and rain do not damage these masterpieces. In contrast, the winds are smooth, polished surface, and moisture is coated with a thin layer of moss, yellow with white spots, animating stone.

The voice of antiquity

Very little is known about the people they put there Meniere's - long stones. Established only that he lived in these places for around 2500 years BC, therefore, long before the Celts. But how, or primitive in appearance apart here one hundred and fifty lumps at their disposal there is some astronomical sense that something related to Cycle of the sun. Here on the peninsula CROZON, ranks Meniere overlap; at Karnak they stand in parallel rows, where they were counted one thousand and ninety-nine pieces. It's amazing how the ancient people of the monoliths could move up to three hundred and fifty tons. It suffices to compare the work that was done in 1836 in Paris, when using technology built a world-famous obelisk weighs only two hundred and twenty Tony. It is believed that the same ancient people founded the harbor and Camara, not far from here. Now Camara - one of the most important centers in France, fishing clams.

The island of lost ships

Tyazhelokamenny drew a gloomy village in the sea nearly eyeless facades. The main street - like a balcony along the waterfront, below the balcony - the cliffs and surf. Here and there an array of buildings cut through incredibly narrow streets, on the corner of which stand with their flocks of black women in needlework. At the sight of me, they suddenly disappear as if dissolved in the darkness between the walls. Will pass - they are once again on his favorite spot. His hands deep in his pockets, standing, smoking fishermen. Clapped his cap to the ears, face some kind of standard - all on the island more or less close relatives. In the quiet streets, whose width is calculated as if the maximum of the fact that you can ride a barrel down to meet me come across more fishermen. They carry their catch - ugly hairy spider crabs with legs spotted spiny lobsters, rays of flat mucosa. Although the terms of the sea, the main problem on the island - water. In the town the well is brackish, so here are collected in a rainwater tank with slate roofs. Soil of the island, too salty, because of salt and frequent storms, it is not a single tree. But in private yards on all sides can be seen blooming mimosa. The climate is mild in the winter - no snow or ice. On a small vegetable gardens are good yields of potatoes yields: algae - an excellent fertilizer. On the margins of the stranger greeted by barking dogs, lovers of fresh fish. At this scarce island and endless barking bird noise - only the sounds of wildlife. ...

The route of Dagestan - Tushino - Hevsursky

On the first day of a campaign trip, crossing the Bass River Valley and a vast pasture on a small plateau, finishing at the local kolkhoz farm. Further extends the desert woodland with large patches of gorgeous meadows - the Chechen highlands. At the bottom of valleys between the hills meander streams flowing into the swift and deep river Sharo-Argun, being born in ice Diklos-Mta. Upstream of the Sharo-Argun by another kolkhoz farms and villages Himoy - Sharoi to the village, located on the treeless promontory. Hence, the pass Dzhendzhari - to the people abandoned and overgrown with weeds violent auls Kibasoy and Sanduhoy. From Sanduhoya descent to the river Sharo-Argun, jump on a snow bridge on the orographic right bank and then to pass Kachu. The descent from him to the south in the village Tushino Pfarsma. Rest of the way along the northern shore Pirikitelskoy Alazani past the ruins aul Chauntea; ions to pass Atsunta shale, from which descend in Khevsurs-tiyu - the first village hevsurskoe Khonos-Chal. Then the route goes through the gorges and rivers Dokuehen Ardotis-tskhali, past the villages of the dead "Mutso and Ana, the Tories, whose inhabitants died out long ago from some of the epidemic, and leads through a mountain pass in a spur of Shatili, located on the shores of Shatilis-tskhali. Going upstream of the latter and its tributary Guros-tskhali reach the village of Guro. Thence upstream to Tsrol-sky pass, and after the descent of screes - in the upper reaches Kolotanis-tskhali.