The study of caves

Once upon a time people took shelter in the natural home - the caves. And now, traces of some ancient sites people have survived in caves. These traces are of two types. The first type - a layer of residue management (broken china, burned and broken bones, embers from the fire, pieces of flint, etc.) - the so-called cultural layer. The second type - the drawings on the walls caves. It is not necessary to ensure that where there are pictures, a cultural layer, and vice versa. But a lot of caves, and sites they found little. What, then, guided by considerations of ancient people, choosing a cave for life? "By what signs to look for them? The main symptom is this: even the ancient people and ancient, but still people, and if you do not have to live in this cave, ancient, too, would not live there. But it just gets a lot of "buts." There is no rigid definition of requirements imposed on-the caves. to every rule must be approached critically. The second feature - a cave to be ancient, ie, inside should be the stalactites, stalagmites, or other such incrustations and education. The entrance is usually located above the bottom of the ravine, gorge River approximately 80-120 m. As a rule, the input of well-covered. It is not often that you can find it right away, so useful when searching for contact to the local population. The data - obtained from him to check, by comparing the information he had heard from several people. The best entrance to the cave known local boys. cave must be dry. But the concept of "dry" for the caves is very concerning. Let's just say: the walls of the cave should not pour water. Sex can be covered with clay or other sediment. In the caves with rock bottom of the search for traces of parking is useless: if the people there were traces of them have not survived. The cave must be large: with high ceilings, wide entrance, bright. But here again, "but." entrance, which is 40 000 years ago there was broad, for it time could collapse and turn into a narrow slit. Traces of people usually found near the entrance. In the depths of the cave, where there was no daylight, people do not live. When you find a cave that meets these requirements, it is necessary to examine her bottom and walls. If bottom is covered with sediment, then we can look further. If the bottom is a whole rock, can not continue to look for. If there is sediment at the bottom, it is necessary to examine all the stones and the surface of the walls and floor-: often tools of ancient people, broken pots, charcoal, burned bones found on the surface. It is strictly forbidden to dig the earth, if you find anything on the surface. unskillful excavation can destroy the monument. All found on the floor caves should be carefully assemble, pack and mark the findings in the plan of the cave, grotto, which must be removed immediately same. It is advisable to make a number of photos: remove the view from the cave on the terrain, large - the entrance to the cave and a general plan, with several points - the entrance to the cave with its surroundings. These pictures should indicate the entrance. Points of filming should be marked on the first shot. But the figures do not necessarily have to be in the big hall. It happened that they were found in close-low speeds on the ceiling. But always it should be a flat smooth board, though not large. It is also not necessary that the image was clear and immediately striking. We must carefully examine each more or less suitable shield. Images of ancient people performed normally red or brown paint, so any spot of that color will attract your attention. Shield, where you can find the picture is not always at the level of your eyes. He may be at a height of 3-5 m or go under the sediment floor. If you find something similar to a picture or just a spot in stark contrast with "the color from the surrounding shield, do not try to clear it to get a better look. It can be hopelessly spoil the picture. Srisuyte his sketch board, where he is, take pictures, if you have a camera, the light flash lamp or candles. Candles arrange as follows: six to eight cinder surround the figure at a distance of 2-4 meters from him, Set the camera on a tripod, make sure that direct light candles did not get into the lens. When the diaphragm 2.8 and sensitivity of the film unit 90. GOST requires endurance four to five minutes (with eight candles). But the photographs do not exclude the sketch drawing, so the images does not always come out. After photographing and drawing sketches to put on plan of the cave. So far we have talked about an archaeological survey of the caves. A few like him paleontological survey. Caverns served as a refuge not only people but also animals. Therefore, any kind of bones, ingrown in limestone floors and walls of caves, zamytye clay, of great interest. For them, except their own values, can still determine the age of the layer, and this is important when finding the bones are accompanied by the discovery of traces of people, which happens very often. Biologists are interested in the "population" Caves - all kinds of spiders, worms. Fauna of the caves has not been studied nearly as well as to find out there living thing is difficult. Therefore, any "livestock" has got into your cave, we must try to catch and bring scientists. The most common way of fishing the next underground animals: in ground burrows glass half-liter jars, so that the edges of it were level with the ground, it placed a piece of meat or strong-smelling piece of food. Insect released to the bank, can not get out of it over the steep walls. The underground streams, lakes and puddles are also living creatures of every kind. They catch a net of gauze, highlighting the side light of the lantern. After the capture of an insect canned (dry, alcohol, placed in formalin), neatly packaged and delivered to biologists. Geologists interested in the cave itself, its origin, age, breed in which it is formed, etc. As for the age of the cave a tourist has little to say geologists, and take samples of rock to it, of course, by force. As the sample is taken a piece of rock the size of polkulaka. interesting stones with imprints of plants and animals: they allow you to determine the age of the layer in which lies the cave. take a sample, you need to cut down a piece of this size to keep the print in its entirety, and then once the stone gently obbit. Also interesting rocks and crystals of minerals. They must also be cut without damaging the crystals. Each sample should be packed and marked the PA plan. Packaging is as follows: fragments of stone, flint wrapped in a tight, do not soak water from the paper, things are less stable (shards of pots, bones, coals, etc.) it is desirable to spend in cotton wool and only then packed in paper, things are very fragile (sodden bones) are impregnated with preservative solution and packaged as a fragile specimen. If a thing is so fragile that it can not even pull out of the ground without damage, then it is filled with a solution directly into the ground and then removed along with it . Any deal, whether archaeological, biological or paleontological, should be packaged together with the so-called "passport" - a piece of paper that says the place finds the number and the circumstances under which it was found (on the surface at a depth of 1 m etc.). "Passport", as well as any other documents in the campaign, must be completed in pencil, because when wet, and in caves, it happens quite often, their inscription in any other pencil spreads so. that it is impossible to make out. record must be kept on one side, in this case it is possible to restore it, even if it wears off. Findings from this place (the cave) should be packed in one big bag and put in some solid container (bucket , pan). This is done to hard objects in the knapsack is not injured findings. A few words about the shooting plan. Caverns in our country a lot, but they are almost never investigated, and data on them a little, so when it detects the cave to remove it Plan and write "address", even if you do not find it. starts shooting from the entrance to the cave. it leads in a convenient scale. For a very long caves, there may be two: one - for the image of the profile, the second - for length. Shooting is made by points. Measure the width, height entrance and sketching its cross-section. Next, the azimuth of a lame-depth course and laid on the plan. Next, the second point is taken at this azimuth in a place where the course makes a turn. Measure the distance between two points, width, height and slope of progress at this point. sketch as his profile. Then choose a third point, recorded its azimuth, and the operation is repeated. The data is conveniently summarized in the table in which are recorded number of points, azimuth, inclination and size progress. On a separate sheet to sketch his profile. In the case of the branching point is taken in the fork. After that the plan "pull" in one go, finishing his shooting, start snikat another. To take the plan you need: a compass, a ten-tape measure, a simple pencil and paper and a simple protractor, which meryat tilt speed. Each point removed in a cave, it is desirable to mark painted on the wall of the cave. The plan should be removed as long as you can move on a course or until you have time. The extremity of the plan notes very carefully and in a few places (for better safety mark). This is done in order to follow the expedition did not spend time on the shot passed your progress, and immediately moved on. A few general comments. It should be good to remember that the beauty of the underground world created millennia, and it can destroy in a moment. Therefore, when working in a cave to treat it with utmost care. In this article the only general comments on the survey of caves. More specific instructions you are given a local history museum. There is a tourist can get a certain assignment relating to one of the above areas. Whole scientific material collected in the campaign, must be delivered to scientists. When sections of the mass tourism of the Central Council of Tourism organized speleological Commission. One of its tasks - collecting data on the location of the caves and their description. Tourists exploring the caves, can be sent to this commission to address and plans.