Prominence. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUN

There are several types of prominence. The simplest form - the so-called cumulus prominences, they are shining seal (crowded) chromosphere. The following form - misty protuberances, somewhat similar to our cloud, the process of their formation is as follows: from the chromosphere are put forward one or two fiery pillar, and rising to a height of about 16.000 geographical miles, scattered in tumanopodobnye mass. The third type - the so-called metal or beam, prominences, and they rapidly rise with the sun's surface, take off in a perpendicular or inclined direction, crumbling or falling down the shafts in the form of missiles. The time during which he performs all of these rapid changes, it is extremely short; prominences can be compared with the strong terrestrial volcanic eruptions, probably we are dealing here with a heated gases escaping from the surface of the Sun; worst volcanic processes observed on Earth, are insignificant in Compared with these phenomena. Spectroscopy allows us to determine the composition of the prominence: the misty prominences consist of a heated hydrogen and helium, ie, the elements forming the upper part of the chromosphere. Metal or beam, prominences along with hydrogen and helium contain more sodium, magnesium, barium, titanium and iron, ie, those metals, which are part of the deeper layers of the chromosphere. Therefore, misty prominences occur when masses of hot gas ejected from the upper chromosphere, the metal as in the case when an eruption from the deep layers of the latter. The appearance of the prominence is not limited to any particular surface of the sun: they occur everywhere - and at the poles and the equator - although not equally likely. In both the northern and southern hemisphere of the Sun p are two zones characterized by the most frequent appearance of prominences. Two of them are located near the equator, and coincide with the so-called royal areas that are experiencing the greatest number of sunspots: the other two are near the poles, between 70 and 80 degrees latitude. Thus, we see that there is some connection between sunspots and prominences, the region of maximum intensity of the latter coincide with the zones of greatest proliferation spots. Similarly, the lights (or torches) are located mainly near the spots. This co-existence of these phenomena gives the right to assume a causal relationship between them: it must be assumed that this circumstance in connection with the spectral analysis will help explain the physical properties of the Sun. On the basis of his remarkable works Kirchhoff assumes that the solar core is a liquid or solid state. It is easy to prove that the existence of a solid core of the sun is unlikely. Much more difficult to decide whether the sun in the liquid state, as it thinks Tsellner, or gaseous, as it allows Secchi. Mainstay views Tsellnera are igneous prominences; to explain such rapid explosions must be assumed that the solar surface is in a certain tension: the last is due to Tsellneru existence of a liquid layer surrounding gaseous core. Solar same spot, this researcher considers how the frozen mass of slag, floating on a hot sunny sea. Producing the well-known pressure down, and they cause the appearance of protuberances, usually observed around the spots. Secchi, believing that the Sun is in a gaseous state, relies mainly on tiny density and extremely high temperatures it. According to the calculations of astronomers, the density of the Sun slightly larger than the density of water. On the other hand, spectral analysis shows that the Sun is composed primarily of iron and other heavy metals, so if it is liquid, it would have to have a high specific gravity. This consideration, at first glance, contradicts the existence of a strong pressure inside the Sun seems to be at a certain distance from the surface, it should thicken up any gas in the liquid. But the pressure counteracts the unusually high temperature. Laboratory studies, which was first produced Natterer, showed that at high enough pressure, all gases liquefy and solid state, but only if the temperature does not transcend the known boundaries, at very high temperatures even the strongest pressure does not produce the liquefied gases. Limit above which the liquid can not exist - called the critical temperature. For various gases, this value is different, and for carbon dioxide is equal to 31 ° C. By assumption, Secchi, fever, prevailing in the sun, goes beyond all of the critical temperature, and because, despite the extremely high pressure, or gases or metal vapors can not pass into the liquid. Of course, the gases are in such exceptional circumstances, ie, at very high temperatures and under very strong pressure will be greatly exaggerated, and count them gases can not without reservations. Anyway, they become extremely thick and elastic mass, and only negligible changes in pressure and temperature to violent disturbances occurred in the upper shell of this mass. These perturbations are thought Secchi and explains prominences, spots and lights (torches). Currently, almost all accept that the Sun is in a gaseous state, but this view can not explain with sufficient completeness of all the phenomena occurring on the sun. The concentration of sunspots in the royal zones and their periodicity are facts of which we can not make any judgments. Likewise, the most recent hypothesis, owned by A. Schmidt and treats spots and prominences, just as the phenomenon of refraction of light caused by changes in density of the inner layers, does not explain them. At this moment we can only say that in all likelihood, the spots are the result of cooling of the sun. Despite its high temperature, the latter should certainly cool: for many millions of years it loses by radiation huge amounts of heat, this heat is poured into the world space.