For the purpose of obtaining coal and metal mines every year deeper and larger and larger areas of the mountain cut through tunnels - there is the question: Where lies the boundary beyond which human labor is not possible due to high temperatures? The world's richest deposits of gold and silver is Kompstokskaya lived in Nevada, on the border of California. In the period from 1860 to 1876 there produced silver at 237 million dollars. But, despite the fabulous riches of the mine fear that further development it will soon be impossible: a terrible fire in some places, making miners work extremely hard. The workers are in the temperature from 42.2 to 46,7 °; if it and take a man here, only because the mine air is very dry, and sometimes come across colder areas, in the hottest parts of the mine worker is unable to continue their work more 10 minutes. Attempts were made to mine and where the temperature reaches 50 °, but all too soon it turned out to be unenforceable: mental illness and rapid death were the consequence of such a bold move. However, and now the death rate among miners, an unusually large: the love of money dooms many victims to perish in these steamy pits. However, in the mines Kompstokskoy core reason for the high temperature is not as much depth as local adverse conditions, such as, for example. The existence of hot springs: in the same deep mines pribramskih dominates the relatively mild temperatures. As the temperature increases with the depth necessary to be considered also for other mining operations. In 1863 Sir William Armstrong at a meeting of British scientists said that with the tremendous development of the coal industry, which she achieved in England in the near future anticipated depletion of the mine. Concerns raised by Armstrong, forced to establish a special committee to investigate the royal question. It turned out that the danger is not so bad, but all have come to believe that the future of the British coal industry depends on the temperature of the mine: the development can proceed only to the depths where human labor due to the heat becomes just impossible. In fact, in many English coal mines prevails a very high temperature, so, eg. In Rozbridzhskoy mine, which in 1875 was deeper than all other British mines and reached 745 meters, the temperature is 34,5 ° C. Extremely important question of possible temperature projected Simplonskogo tunnel, through which the railway will connect the canton of Valais with Lago Madzhore. Alpine railways, not including the line through the Earth Mehring, penetrates the relatively low part of the mountains, rising to a considerable height, such, for example., Roads through the Brenner, St. Gotthard and Monsenis, the only way you could avoid the construction of long tunnels and bypass the big Watersheds (Brenner Railway). The highest point Brenner railway rises to 1,367 meters, the southern end of the Gotthard tunnel - to 1,145 m and the southern end of the tunnel Monsenisskogo - at 1291 m above sea level. This choice of direction of the road makes its construction, but has a lot of unpleasant consequences for its operation: the trains have to climb to a considerable height, and this increases the cost of transportation. In addition, strong winds, prevailing at high altitudes, and an abundance of snow make it difficult to drop it trains, and sometimes even require you to temporarily stop it. Hence, all came to believe that that good which could come at eliminating discomfort alpine railway lines, with an excess cover the cost of tunnels dug deeper. Therefore, when building the road would pave the Simplonskoy long tunnel at a much lower altitude: I think the new line will provide an enabling environment for the operation that will soon kill all of its competitors, and that all commercial relations of England, France, Belgium and Western Switzerland and Italy will be committed only when it is through. It was suggested that several projects in the most important of these we find the following figures: the length of the tunnel ........... a) 19.075 m b) 18.504 m) Height: 16.150 meters south end above sea level 687.5 "687.5" 790 "height north end ....... 680 "711" 771 "These tunnels have to pass through the large, high mountains. Under the project a) tunnel passes under Vazengornom, whose height is 3,270 meters, and a Monte Leone, whose height is 3,565 meters, so the tunnel will be located on this mountain mass in the middle of 2220 m thick. According to the draft b) the height of mountains, lying above the tunnel, comes to 2247 m. Based on these data engineer Shtapf, produced their remarkable geological observations during construction of the St. Gothard tunnel-ray, computed potential temperature Simplonskogo tunnel and even the warmth of the rocks for the middle part of it; he found the figures for the project as well) 46,9 ° C., for b) 47,5 ° C. and the air during drilling will have a temperature of 45,8 °, while putting away the rubble 48,4 °; that As the water temperature, it reaches 53,3 °, not to mention the possibility of hot keys. Is the question whether under such conditions. The temperature of human blood not more than 37 °; 40 ° is a sign of a strong fever, and when the temperature reaches 42 °, for example. with fever, the death occurs, so that human labor was possible, the temperature of his blood should not reach this limit. In general, we can assume that in dry air, can work in temperatures up to 50 °, as a result of evaporation of sweat is still some cooling of the surface skin in humid air as the limit occurs already at 40 °. All this makes us consider the project a) and b) impossible to implement. As for the project), which is not applied the exact numbers, then the probability of its implementation, it seems even smaller. Proponents of deep tunnels Simplonskih vigorously disputed the objections made to them, but doubted it was possible only in one thing: Shtapfa calculations were made on the basis of studies in the Gotthard tunnel, if we assume that the conditions here and there the same, then the figures will more than likely, but whether such an assumption? Do we have the right to carry on Simplonsky tunnel results obtained in the St. Gothard? We know that very often the areas that are close to each other and in many respects similar to each other, exhibit different temperature increase with depth. Therefore, the assumption of the same geothermal degrees in both cases may not be accurate. But will Simplonsky tunnel differ in this respect from St. Gotthard, whether in the first temperature to rise quickly or more slowly than in the second, we do not know, and so dug a deep tunnel belongs in any case to the number of questionable ventures. The question of whether it is feasible artificial measures to address the challenges of work, does not apply geology, and we can not say more about it. From a scientific point of view, dug a deep tunnel is of great interest, and soon the issue could get a practical solution, unless the expected challenges will force the company to abandon.
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