The temperature inside the Earth

The most famous example of this kind is the cellar of the Paris Observatory: thermometer, placed here Lovuaze in 1783 at a depth of 27.6 m, for 100 years consistently shows a 11,6 ° C. In the warm equatorial countries, where annual temperature fluctuations occur in a narrow range, this layer is already a constant temperature / at a depth of 6 m, the poles of the earth is frozen to a considerable depth. In Europe, the northern ice cap has a large distribution and only covers the northern coast of the mainland, but in Asia as we approach its eastern outskirts, he pulls over to the south and descends near the Baikal Lake to 53 °, and in the Amur River basin to 50 ° ie to the geographical latitude, which is Frankfurt am Main. Likewise, in the eastern part of the North. America at the Hudson Bay ice cover extends to the same latitude. With regard to the depth to which the soil freezes, then in this respect, gives an indication of the merchant Shergina well dug in eastern Siberia in Yakutsk, on the banks of the Lena, it 11b72 m at a depth determined by temperature - 3 ° C. If on the layer, which has an average annual temperature of the area, go down a borehole or shaft, then a significant increase in temperature. The first reports of this fact we find in the «Mundus subterraneus» («The Underground World") Kircher of Fulda. This is a remarkable essay appeared in 1662; in it, as has been stated above, we find a striking blend of deep knowledge and correct views with backward objections to the latest scientific discoveries. In the tenth chapter Kircher, speaking of collecting and processing of metals, indicating the difficulties he faced in studying this subject, with the assistance of some Jesuits, in the Tyrol, he appealed to the engineers of the Hungarian mines, "the first to fame in the world, and offered them a few questions. The eleventh question concerns the "heat and cold in the mines", "Kircher asked if the heat increases with the depth and noticed a subterranean fire. Shemnitsa response came from that with good ventilation unnoticed either heating or cooling, but in mine, where air exchange is not enough, always hot. Particularly interesting response in Shapelmana Gerrengrunde: he points out that in dry mines the temperature always increases with depth, by contrast, where there is going to the water temperature is always below (it lowers what is happening on the surface evaporation), the highest temperature he saw in those places where lies marcasite. It also includes some observations Burkov (Boerhave) and marjoram, made at the end of last century, but only in recent years of the last century and the beginning of this began to make accurate studies on a large scale. They were started Freyslebenom and A. von Humboldt in Saxony, Saussure in Switzerland and Obissonom in France, and since then the number of observations in the mines has increased considerably, especially important in the study, made in Prussia and promulgated Dehenom, as well as monitoring the Reich in Saxony.