Observations, especially to enrich science, were made in deep boreholes and long tunnels. In Shperenberga, 42 km south of Berlin, on the shore of a small lake Krummenskogo stands among high plains of gypsum hill 26.7 m in the plains of northern Germany gypsum is often accompanied by rock salt. Because of this it was decided to produce a Shperenberga drilling, and in 1867 work began on the site neglected plaster lomok; borehole passed first through a layer of gravel capacity 0,63 m, and then gypsum and anhydrite capacity 88.18 m occur on clean rock salt, cutting through this layer over the 1182.64 m in depth, borehole has not passed its entire water column and did not reach the rocks underlying the salt. The existence of vast salt resources could be proved under less deep drilling, but in view of the scientific value of an enterprise is particularly desirable to achieve a significant depth. In September 1871 work was interrupted at a depth of 1,272 m. The new drill soon left far behind Shperenbergskuyu borehole: in the literature of Altona have achieved the depth of 1338 meters with a temperature of 35,07 °, and in Shladebahe have Dyurrenberga - 1748.40 m. The latter passed through the Bunter Sandstone, Zechstein, dead red Lejeune, coal formation, and reached the upper tiers of the Devonian system. At different depths and Shperenbergskoy Shladebahskoy boreholes Dunker makes measurements, characterized by the utmost care. Errors were included and excluded the possibility: with the help of rubber, and Shladebahe with the clay, insulated top and bottom of a particular column of water whose temperature and measured: thus, the thermometer was protected from the influence of the currents coming from the upper and lower parts of the borehole. Along with them you can put only those measurements that were made in the St. Gothard tunnel. At different depths, the following figures: Shperenberg: depth in meters 26.7 223.0 286.7 350.4 414.1 477.8 605.2 669 1080 1268 Temperature 9 ° 21,6 ° 23,5 ° 26,4 ° 26,9 ° 30,9 ° 33,1 ° 35,9 ° 46,5 ° 48,1 ° geothermal degrees for 1 ° C = 33.7 m Shladebah: depth in meters 36 216 336 456 606 816 966 1206 1476 1716 temperature is 11 ° 16,2 ° 19 ° 22,1 ° 26,3 ° 31,5 ° 36,6 ° 43 ° 51,9 56,6 geometric degrees for 1 ° C = 35.7 m. In Shladebahe were obtained very accurate results for a depth of 1266 - 1716 m: the measurements were performed immediately after drilling and before the casing of the borehole, taken separately, they gave geothermal 39.55 degrees for 1 ° C. Even deeper into the bowels of the earth penetrating hugest tunnels constructed and planned in the Alps: finished now Monsenissky, St. Gotthard-sky and Arlbergsky in the project - Simplonsky. Construction of the tunnel Monsenisskogo scientists do not fully used, only with the Italian side Giordano made observations on the temperature, the French have not undertaken any research, and an extremely important material was lost to science forever. Much happier work was conducted at St. Gotthard: It was decided to produce all the geological observations, which has only been possible, this task was entrusted to engineer Shtapfa, which was quite at the height of his vocation and honorably fulfilled his difficult task. He not only made a geological profile of the tunnel and gathered a collection of rocks, but also produced accurate temperature measurement. On the north side of St. Gothard tunnel ends in the valley Reiss at Geshenene, at an altitude of 1,109 m, and the south - in Irolo in the river valley. Tichchino (Tes-Sinai), at an altitude of 1,145 m above sea level, the length of the tunnel reaches the 14,920 m. It goes without saying that the temperature of rocks is important not distance them from the opening of the tunnel, and the power of lying over them rock masses. Thus, the temperature of individual parts of the tunnel depends on the topography of the area cut through, and in determining the geothermal degrees this point it is necessary to bear in mind its distance from the surface.
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